Research Methodology and Medical Statistics is an important tool keep a check on the research projects undertaken in the medical field. Ayurvedic principles and medicines should also be time tested firm by application of these tools. Universal acceptance to Ayurved in sonly possible after sound research with the help of modern research techniques; hence knowledge of research and statistics important to every research student.
We have printed the syllabus specified by C.C.I.M. and M.U.H.S. helpful for Ayurvedic research scholars. We have especially taken care to cover each and every point from the syllabus by giving referal page number for each point. The vast and complicated part of Research and Statistics is made easier and has been presented with ample illustrations and Ayurvedic examples wherever possible.
The book has been divided in three sections for the convenience of the students:
Section A- Research Methodology
Section B- Research Methodology (Ayurvedic view)
Section C- Medical Statistics
We are sure that all the students and teachers of PG will appreciate our efforts.
Designing and methodology of an experiment or a study Steps and methodology format for presentation of any research work.
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| 1A | Aims and objects of research in Ayurveda: | 129 |
| a | Principles of Ancient methods of Research | 133 |
| b | Modern methods of Research | 12 |
| c | Ancient methods of Research | 133 |
| d | What is research? | 08 |
| e | Classification of research | 16 |
| f | Classification of Research (Ayurvedic View) | 131 |
| g | Serendipity- Research | 11 |
| 1B | ||
| a | Research Method | 12 |
| b | Research Methodology | 12 |
| c | Research Technique | 16 |
| d | Scientific Research | 09 |
| e | Motivation for research | 11 |
| 1C | ||
| a | Research problem | 13 |
| b | Search for problem for Research | 13 |
| c | Criteria for selection of problem | 13 |
| d | Making a hypothesis/protocol | 22 |
| e | Research Design in Medical Research | 16 |
| 1D | ||
| a | Setting up of a Basic Research Laboratory and Animal House | 47 |
| b | Setting of a Research Lab (Ayurvedic View) | 137 |
| c | Space, instruments and equipment, manpower required for a Basic and Drug Research Laboratory | 50 |
| 1E | ||
| a | Setting up Animal house | 47 |
| b | Animals used in Biological Research | 47 |
| c | Maintenance of Animals | 47 |
| 2A | Principals and Methods of Fundamental, Clinical, Drug and Literary Research:- | |
| a | Fundamental Research: Definition, design | 17 |
| b | Fundamental Research in Ayurved | 139 |
| c | Drug Research: | |
| Raw Material/dosage formulation, preparation | 39 | |
| Analysis of drugs Qualitative/Quantitative | 39 | |
| Biological screening of Drugs | 41 | |
| Toxicity of Drugs- LD 50, ED 50 | 27 | |
| d | Drug Research in Ayurved | 148 |
| e | Clinical Research: | 31 |
| Definition, | 31 | |
| Phases of Clinical Trials, | 33 | |
| Criteria for selection of patients | 23 | |
| Randomization | 22 | |
| Placebo | 33 | |
| Blinding Technique, | 33 | |
| Trial design | 32 | |
| f | Clinical Research in Ayurved | 141 |
| g | Literary Research | 19 |
| h | Literary Research in Ayurved | 157 |
| i | Manuscriptology (Ayurvedic View) | 164 |
| 2B | Methods of Survey of Medicinal Plants | |
| a | Field survey | 36 |
| b | Botanical identification of medicinal plants | 35 |
| c | Traditional Methods | 149 |
| d | Taxonomical Methods | 35 |
| e | Histological Methods | 41 |
| f | Preservation of Medicinal Plants | 37 |
| 2C | Methods of Survey of Medicinal Plants. (Ayurvedic View) | 160 |
| 3A | Radioisotopes and their role in medical research, Radiation and their Biological effects: | |
| a | Radioisotopes and their role in medical research | 44 |
| b | Types of Radiation | 43 |
| c | Units of Radiation Measurement and Exposure | 43 |
| 3B a | Biological effect of Radiation | 45 |
| b | Isotopes used in Medical Research/ Diagnosis/ Treatment | 44 |
| 3C a | Diagnostic and Therapeutic application of radio isotopes | 44 |
| b | Uses of Radio isotopes in Medical Research | 44 |
| c | Application in Ayurvedic Research | 46 |
| 3D a | Radio immuno assay | 42 |
| 4 | Principles, Instrumentation and Application of following instruments in Modern and Ayurvedic Research: | |
| 4A | Chromatography- | |
| a | Paper chromatography | 60 |
| b | TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) | 61 |
| c | HPTLC (High performance Thin Layer- Chromatography) | 64 |
| d | HPLC (High performance Liquid-Chromatography) | 67 |
| e | GC (Gas Chromatography) | 70 |
| 4B | Colorimetery | 72 |
| 4C | Spectrophotometery- | |
| a | UV (Ultra violet Spectrophotometery) | 85 |
| b | VIS (Visible Spectrophotometery) | 85 |
| c | AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery) | 86 |
| d | IR (Infra Red Spectrophotometery) | 87 |
| 4D | Electrophoresis: | 92 |
| a | Paper Electrophoresis | 95 |
| b | PAGE (Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) | 95 |
| 4E | Other Instruments: | |
| a | PH meter | 96 |
| b | Disintegration apparatus | 100 |
| c | Dissolution apparatus | 102 |
| d | Hardness testing apparatus | 103 |
| e | Refractometer | 103 |
| f | Viscometer | 107 |
| g | Microscope | 108 |
| h | Centrifuge | 114 |
| i | Glassware | 115 |
| j | Sterilization Methods | 116 |
| k | Hot air oven | 119 |
| l | Extraction and Soxhelet apparatus | 120 |
| m | Polarimeter | 121 |
| n | Muffle furnace | 123 |
| o | Incubator | 124 |
| p | Analytical balance | 125 |
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| 1 | Introduction | |
| Application of Statistical Methods to Ayurvedic Research | 169 | |
| 2 | Sources and Presentation of Data: | 174 |
| a | Qualitative (or Discrete) Data | 174 |
| b | Quantitative (or continuous) Data | 174 |
| c | Methods of Presentation | 177 |
| d | Tabulation | 178 |
| e | Graphical | 180 |
| f | Diagram | 180 |
| 3 | Measurs of Location: | 186 |
| a | Averages | 186 |
| b | Measures of central tendency | 186 |
| c | Mean | 186 |
| d | Median | 188 |
| e | Mode | 188 |
| f | Percentiles | 190 |
| g | Graphic method | 190 |
| h | Arithmetical method | 191 |
| i | Application and uses of percentiles | 191 |
| 4 | Variability and its measures: | 192 |
| a | Types of variability | 192 |
| b | Biological variability | 193 |
| c | Real variability | 194 |
| d | Experimental variability | 194 |
| e | Measures of variability | 195 |
| f | Range | 195 |
| g | Semi- interquartile Range (Q) | 196 |
| h | Mean Deviation | 196 |
| i | Standard Deviation (S.D.) | 197 |
| j | Standard Error | 220 |
| k | Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) | 199 |
| 5 | Normal Distribution and Normal Curve: | 201 |
| a | Demonstration of normal Distribution | 202 |
| b | Normal Curve | 201 |
| c | Standard Normal Deviate (Z) | 202 |
| d | Asymmetrical Distributions | 203 |
| 6 | Sampling: | 210 |
| a | Representative Sample | 210 |
| b | Precision (Sample Size) | 210 |
| c | Sample Bias | 211 |
| d | Sample Techniques | 2111 |
| e | Simple Sampling | 213 |
| f | Random Sampling | 211 |
| g | Systematic Sampling | 211 |
| h | Stratified Sampling | 212 |
| i | Multistage Sampling | 212 |
| j | Cluster Sampling | 212 |
| k | Multiphase Sampling | 212 |
| 7 | Probability (Chance): | 206 |
| a | Addition Law of probability | 207 |
| b | Multiplication Law of probability | 207 |
| c | Binomial Law of Probability Distribution | 207 |
| d | Probability/ Chance from shape of Normal Distribution or Normal curve | 203 |
| 8 | Sampling Variability and Significance: | 218 |
| a | Significance | 217 |
| b | Estimation of Population parameters | 219 |
| 9 | Testing Statistical Hypothesis: | 215 |
| a | Types of Hypothesis | 217 |
| b | Test of Significance | 216 |
| c | Indications for Tests | 216 |
| d | Applicability of Test | 217 |
| e | Advantages and Limitations/Calculation and Interpretation: | |
| i | Z test | 232 |
| ii | Student's 't' test | 222 |
| Unpaired | 224 | |
| Paired | 226 | |
| iii | Variance Ratio Test (F Test) | 234 |
| iv | Analysis of variance test (ANOVA) | 234 |
| v | Chi Square test | 228 |
| vi | Willcoxon Sign test and Willcoxon Sum test | 235 |
| 10 | Concept of Regression and Co-Relation and their interpretation | 238 |
| 11 | Demography and Vital Statistics | 242 |
| 12 | 250 | |
| 13 | Role of Computer | 251 |
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| 1 | Aims and Objects of Research | 08 |
| 2 | Modern Methods of Research | 12 |
| 3 | Types of Research | 16 |
| 4 | Steps of research | 19 |
| 5 | Drug Research | 24 |
| 6 | Clinical Trials | 32 |
| 7 | Medicinal Plant Survey | 35 |
| 8 | Herbal Drug Standardization | 38 |
| 9 | Radioisotopes | 43 |
| 10 | Animal House | 47 |
| 11 | Research Laboratory | 50 |
| 12 | Commonly Utilized Techniques | 54 |
| 13 | Principles and Application of Research Instruments | 58 |
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Research Methodology and Medical Statistics is an important tool keep a check on the research projects undertaken in the medical field. Ayurvedic principles and medicines should also be time tested firm by application of these tools. Universal acceptance to Ayurved in sonly possible after sound research with the help of modern research techniques; hence knowledge of research and statistics important to every research student.
We have printed the syllabus specified by C.C.I.M. and M.U.H.S. helpful for Ayurvedic research scholars. We have especially taken care to cover each and every point from the syllabus by giving referal page number for each point. The vast and complicated part of Research and Statistics is made easier and has been presented with ample illustrations and Ayurvedic examples wherever possible.
The book has been divided in three sections for the convenience of the students:
Section A- Research Methodology
Section B- Research Methodology (Ayurvedic view)
Section C- Medical Statistics
We are sure that all the students and teachers of PG will appreciate our efforts.
Designing and methodology of an experiment or a study Steps and methodology format for presentation of any research work.
|
|
||
| 1A | Aims and objects of research in Ayurveda: | 129 |
| a | Principles of Ancient methods of Research | 133 |
| b | Modern methods of Research | 12 |
| c | Ancient methods of Research | 133 |
| d | What is research? | 08 |
| e | Classification of research | 16 |
| f | Classification of Research (Ayurvedic View) | 131 |
| g | Serendipity- Research | 11 |
| 1B | ||
| a | Research Method | 12 |
| b | Research Methodology | 12 |
| c | Research Technique | 16 |
| d | Scientific Research | 09 |
| e | Motivation for research | 11 |
| 1C | ||
| a | Research problem | 13 |
| b | Search for problem for Research | 13 |
| c | Criteria for selection of problem | 13 |
| d | Making a hypothesis/protocol | 22 |
| e | Research Design in Medical Research | 16 |
| 1D | ||
| a | Setting up of a Basic Research Laboratory and Animal House | 47 |
| b | Setting of a Research Lab (Ayurvedic View) | 137 |
| c | Space, instruments and equipment, manpower required for a Basic and Drug Research Laboratory | 50 |
| 1E | ||
| a | Setting up Animal house | 47 |
| b | Animals used in Biological Research | 47 |
| c | Maintenance of Animals | 47 |
| 2A | Principals and Methods of Fundamental, Clinical, Drug and Literary Research:- | |
| a | Fundamental Research: Definition, design | 17 |
| b | Fundamental Research in Ayurved | 139 |
| c | Drug Research: | |
| Raw Material/dosage formulation, preparation | 39 | |
| Analysis of drugs Qualitative/Quantitative | 39 | |
| Biological screening of Drugs | 41 | |
| Toxicity of Drugs- LD 50, ED 50 | 27 | |
| d | Drug Research in Ayurved | 148 |
| e | Clinical Research: | 31 |
| Definition, | 31 | |
| Phases of Clinical Trials, | 33 | |
| Criteria for selection of patients | 23 | |
| Randomization | 22 | |
| Placebo | 33 | |
| Blinding Technique, | 33 | |
| Trial design | 32 | |
| f | Clinical Research in Ayurved | 141 |
| g | Literary Research | 19 |
| h | Literary Research in Ayurved | 157 |
| i | Manuscriptology (Ayurvedic View) | 164 |
| 2B | Methods of Survey of Medicinal Plants | |
| a | Field survey | 36 |
| b | Botanical identification of medicinal plants | 35 |
| c | Traditional Methods | 149 |
| d | Taxonomical Methods | 35 |
| e | Histological Methods | 41 |
| f | Preservation of Medicinal Plants | 37 |
| 2C | Methods of Survey of Medicinal Plants. (Ayurvedic View) | 160 |
| 3A | Radioisotopes and their role in medical research, Radiation and their Biological effects: | |
| a | Radioisotopes and their role in medical research | 44 |
| b | Types of Radiation | 43 |
| c | Units of Radiation Measurement and Exposure | 43 |
| 3B a | Biological effect of Radiation | 45 |
| b | Isotopes used in Medical Research/ Diagnosis/ Treatment | 44 |
| 3C a | Diagnostic and Therapeutic application of radio isotopes | 44 |
| b | Uses of Radio isotopes in Medical Research | 44 |
| c | Application in Ayurvedic Research | 46 |
| 3D a | Radio immuno assay | 42 |
| 4 | Principles, Instrumentation and Application of following instruments in Modern and Ayurvedic Research: | |
| 4A | Chromatography- | |
| a | Paper chromatography | 60 |
| b | TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) | 61 |
| c | HPTLC (High performance Thin Layer- Chromatography) | 64 |
| d | HPLC (High performance Liquid-Chromatography) | 67 |
| e | GC (Gas Chromatography) | 70 |
| 4B | Colorimetery | 72 |
| 4C | Spectrophotometery- | |
| a | UV (Ultra violet Spectrophotometery) | 85 |
| b | VIS (Visible Spectrophotometery) | 85 |
| c | AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery) | 86 |
| d | IR (Infra Red Spectrophotometery) | 87 |
| 4D | Electrophoresis: | 92 |
| a | Paper Electrophoresis | 95 |
| b | PAGE (Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) | 95 |
| 4E | Other Instruments: | |
| a | PH meter | 96 |
| b | Disintegration apparatus | 100 |
| c | Dissolution apparatus | 102 |
| d | Hardness testing apparatus | 103 |
| e | Refractometer | 103 |
| f | Viscometer | 107 |
| g | Microscope | 108 |
| h | Centrifuge | 114 |
| i | Glassware | 115 |
| j | Sterilization Methods | 116 |
| k | Hot air oven | 119 |
| l | Extraction and Soxhelet apparatus | 120 |
| m | Polarimeter | 121 |
| n | Muffle furnace | 123 |
| o | Incubator | 124 |
| p | Analytical balance | 125 |
|
|
||
| 1 | Introduction | |
| Application of Statistical Methods to Ayurvedic Research | 169 | |
| 2 | Sources and Presentation of Data: | 174 |
| a | Qualitative (or Discrete) Data | 174 |
| b | Quantitative (or continuous) Data | 174 |
| c | Methods of Presentation | 177 |
| d | Tabulation | 178 |
| e | Graphical | 180 |
| f | Diagram | 180 |
| 3 | Measurs of Location: | 186 |
| a | Averages | 186 |
| b | Measures of central tendency | 186 |
| c | Mean | 186 |
| d | Median | 188 |
| e | Mode | 188 |
| f | Percentiles | 190 |
| g | Graphic method | 190 |
| h | Arithmetical method | 191 |
| i | Application and uses of percentiles | 191 |
| 4 | Variability and its measures: | 192 |
| a | Types of variability | 192 |
| b | Biological variability | 193 |
| c | Real variability | 194 |
| d | Experimental variability | 194 |
| e | Measures of variability | 195 |
| f | Range | 195 |
| g | Semi- interquartile Range (Q) | 196 |
| h | Mean Deviation | 196 |
| i | Standard Deviation (S.D.) | 197 |
| j | Standard Error | 220 |
| k | Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) | 199 |
| 5 | Normal Distribution and Normal Curve: | 201 |
| a | Demonstration of normal Distribution | 202 |
| b | Normal Curve | 201 |
| c | Standard Normal Deviate (Z) | 202 |
| d | Asymmetrical Distributions | 203 |
| 6 | Sampling: | 210 |
| a | Representative Sample | 210 |
| b | Precision (Sample Size) | 210 |
| c | Sample Bias | 211 |
| d | Sample Techniques | 2111 |
| e | Simple Sampling | 213 |
| f | Random Sampling | 211 |
| g | Systematic Sampling | 211 |
| h | Stratified Sampling | 212 |
| i | Multistage Sampling | 212 |
| j | Cluster Sampling | 212 |
| k | Multiphase Sampling | 212 |
| 7 | Probability (Chance): | 206 |
| a | Addition Law of probability | 207 |
| b | Multiplication Law of probability | 207 |
| c | Binomial Law of Probability Distribution | 207 |
| d | Probability/ Chance from shape of Normal Distribution or Normal curve | 203 |
| 8 | Sampling Variability and Significance: | 218 |
| a | Significance | 217 |
| b | Estimation of Population parameters | 219 |
| 9 | Testing Statistical Hypothesis: | 215 |
| a | Types of Hypothesis | 217 |
| b | Test of Significance | 216 |
| c | Indications for Tests | 216 |
| d | Applicability of Test | 217 |
| e | Advantages and Limitations/Calculation and Interpretation: | |
| i | Z test | 232 |
| ii | Student's 't' test | 222 |
| Unpaired | 224 | |
| Paired | 226 | |
| iii | Variance Ratio Test (F Test) | 234 |
| iv | Analysis of variance test (ANOVA) | 234 |
| v | Chi Square test | 228 |
| vi | Willcoxon Sign test and Willcoxon Sum test | 235 |
| 10 | Concept of Regression and Co-Relation and their interpretation | 238 |
| 11 | Demography and Vital Statistics | 242 |
| 12 | 250 | |
| 13 | Role of Computer | 251 |
|
|
||
| 1 | Aims and Objects of Research | 08 |
| 2 | Modern Methods of Research | 12 |
| 3 | Types of Research | 16 |
| 4 | Steps of research | 19 |
| 5 | Drug Research | 24 |
| 6 | Clinical Trials | 32 |
| 7 | Medicinal Plant Survey | 35 |
| 8 | Herbal Drug Standardization | 38 |
| 9 | Radioisotopes | 43 |
| 10 | Animal House | 47 |
| 11 | Research Laboratory | 50 |
| 12 | Commonly Utilized Techniques | 54 |
| 13 | Principles and Application of Research Instruments | 58 |
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