Plant based medicine have been used by mankind since time immemorial. According to the report of World Health Organization, over 80 per cent of the world population relies on the traditional systems of medicine, largely plant based to meet their primary health care. The effectiveness of these systems, in turn mainly depends upon the proper use and sustained availability of genuine raw material. Global resurgence of the interest in herbal drugs has led to the need of their mass production which perhaps was not even contemplated by the traditional medicine practitioners who prepared and dispensed the medicine on a personal and individual basis. Largescale production of medicinal plant products necessitated the availability of standards to ensure their quality, efficacy and safety.
Furthermore limited availability of medicinal plants of consistent quality has been perhaps one of the toughest impediment for reliable biological, pharmacological chemical and clinical evolution besides their use in health care. Lack or inadequacy of quality standards has been a discouraging factor for many potential herbal drug manufactures and also a handicap in regulating the herbal drug market.
Against this backdrop, the Indian Council of Medical Research initiated a programme for laying down quality standards of about 200 medicinal plants widely used in India. Special emphasis has been laid on various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatographic, fingerprinting, HPTLC, HPLC and GLC wherever needed . the studies complemented by literature back up has resulted in the preparation of monograph on 32 individual medicinal plants which have been covered in the present first volume. The work on the remaining plants is in progress.
The contents of monograph on each plants have been systematically described as follows:
VOLUME - I
Message | v | |
Foreword | vii | |
Preface | ix | |
Acknowledgements | xi | |
Abbreviations | xii | |
Introduction | xv | |
| ||
1 | Abutilon indicum Sweet | 1 |
2 | Alpinia galanga Willd | 7 |
3 | Arnebia euchroma Johnston | 13 |
4 | Artemisia anua Linn | 21 |
5 | Asparagus racemo Willdsus | 27 |
6 | Bergenia ciliata Sternb. Forma ligulataYeo | 34 |
7 | Butea monosperma Taub | 40 |
8 | Cassia occidentalis Linn | 47 |
9 | Cassia senna Lin var senna | 57 |
10 | Cinchona officinalis Linn.f. | 65 |
11 | Cinamomum verum J. S. Presl | 74 |
12 | Curcuma amada Roxb | 82 |
13 | Cyperus rotundus Linn | 89 |
14 | Elettaria cardamomum Maton | 95 |
15 | Gymnema sylvestre Schult | 102 |
16 | Holarrhena antidysenterica DC | 109 |
17 | Jatopha glandulifera Roxb | 117 |
18 | Lawsonia inernmis Linn | 123 |
19 | Moringa oliefera Lamk | 130 |
20 | Mucuna pruriens DC | 136 |
21 | Murraya koenigii Spreng | 142 |
22 | Myristica fragrans Houtt | 150 |
23 | Nigela sativa Linn | 161 |
24 | Piper longum Linn | 168 |
25 | Pueraria tuberosa DC. | 174 |
26 | Sida acuta Burm f. ssp. Acuta | 181 |
27 | Tephrosia purpurea Pers | 187 |
28 | Terminalia bellirica Roxb | 198 |
29 | Terminalia chebula Retz | 205 |
30 | Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hok. F. & Thoms | 212 |
31 | Tylophora indica Merrill | 219 |
32 | Wedelia chinensis Merrill | 226 |
| ||
I | Evalution of crude drugs | 235 |
II | Phytochemical evalution of raw material | 238 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 242 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 243 |
V | Pesticides, residue and microbial contamination | 244 |
VI | Plants allocated various Institutes | 246 |
| ||
I | Botanical names | 247 |
II | Chemical constituents | 249 |
III | Other names of the Plants | 255 |
Foreword | v | |
Preface | vii | |
Acknowledgements | viii | |
Abbreviations | ix | |
Introduction | xi | |
Quality Standards of Indian medical plants Covered in Volume I | xiii | |
| ||
1 | Albizia lebbeck Benth | 1 |
2 | Aristolochia indica Linn | 9 |
3 | Boswellia serrata Roxb ex Colebr | 19 |
4 | Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Emend. Dandy & Exell | 25 |
5 | Calotropis gigantean R. Br | 34 |
6 | Cassia fistula Linn | 47 |
7 | Catjaranthus roseus G. Don | 54 |
8 | Cissus quadrangularis Linn | 62 |
9 | Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb ex Spreng | 70 |
10 | Coscinium fenestratum Colebr | 79 |
11 | Dactylorhiza hatagirea Soo | 87 |
12 | Digitalis lanata Ehrh | 94 |
13 | Euphorbia prostrata W. Ait | 103 |
14 | Euphorbia tirucalli Linn | 112 |
15 | Hemidesmus indicus R. Br | 119 |
16 | Hibiscus rosa- sinensis Linn | 129 |
17 | Hypericum perforatum Linn | 136 |
18 | Liucas cephalotes Spreng | 146 |
19 | Malaxisacuminata D. Don | 155 |
20 | Mimusops elengi Linn | 161 |
21 | Ocimum basilicum Linn | 168 |
22 | Ocimum gratissimum Linn | 176 |
23 | Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn | 184 |
24 | Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn | 193 |
25 | Saraca asoca de Wilde | 201 |
26 | Sida rhombifolia Linn ssp. Rhomnbifolia | 209 |
27 | Silybum marianum Gaetn | 217 |
28 | Streblus asper Lour | 227 |
29 | Taxus wallichiana Zucc. | 235 |
30 | Terminalia Arjuna Wight and Arn | 243 |
31 | Thevetia perviana K. Schum | 253 |
32 | Trianthema portulacastrum Linn | 261 |
| ||
I | Evaluation of crude drugs | 273 |
II | Phytochemical evaluation of raw material | 276 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 280 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 282 |
V | Pesticide residues and microbial contamination | 283 |
VI | Plants allocated to various institutes | 285 |
| ||
I | Botanical names | 286 |
II | Chemical constituents | 288 |
III | Other names of the plants | 296 |
Foreword | v | |
Preface | vii | |
Acknowledgements | viii | |
Abbreviations | ix | |
Introduction | xiii | |
Contents of Volume 1 (Plants Covered) | xv | |
Content of Volume 2 (Plants Covered) | xvi | |
Monographs | ||
1 | Adhatoda beddomei Clarke | 1 |
2 | Aerva lanata (Linn) Juss. | 9 |
3 | Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. | 20 |
4 | Allium cepa Linn. | 29 |
5 | Allium sativum Linn | 38 |
6 | Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. | 48 |
7 | Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wall. Ex Guill. & Perr. | 61 |
8 | Areca catechu Linn | 69 |
9 | Berberis aristata DC. Var. aristata | 78 |
10 | Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. | 88 |
11 | Capparis deciduas Edgew. | 98 |
12 | Carissa carandas Linn. | 107 |
13 | Catunaregam spinosa (Thumb.)Tiruv, ssp. Spinosa | 115 |
14 | Cichorium intybus Linn. | 126 |
15 | Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl | 135 |
16 | Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. -Ham.) Nees & Eberm. | 149 |
17 | Cissampelos pareira Linn. Var. hirsute (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Forman | 158 |
18 | Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon | 167 |
19 | Commiphora wightti (Arnott) Bhandari | 177 |
20 | Dendrophthoe falcate (Linn. f.) Etting | 189 |
21 | Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth | 195 |
22 | Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verd. | 203 |
23 | Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. | 212 |
24 | Ficus virens Ait. | 222 |
25 | Garcinia gummi-gutta (Linn.) Rob. | 229 |
26 | Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight and Arn. | 236 |
27 | Merremia turpethum (Linn.) Shaw & Bhatt | 246 |
28 | Mesua ferrea Linn. Var. ferrea | 254 |
29 | Momordica charantia Linn. | 262 |
30 | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | 271 |
31 | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. | 281 |
32 | Psorales corylifolia Linn. | 290 |
33 | Punica granatum Linn. | 299 |
34 | Rubia cordifolia Linn. | 307 |
35 | Sapindus laurifolius Vahl | 316 |
36 | Sapindus mukoossi Gaetn. | 328 |
37 | Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. | 340 |
38 | Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) sprague | 349 |
39 | Vitex negundo Linn. | 357 |
40 | Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz | 367 |
Appendices | ||
I | Evaluation of crude drugs | 377 |
II | Phytochemical evaluation of raw material | 380 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 384 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 387 |
V | Pesticide residues and microbial contamination | 388 |
VI | Plants allocated to various institutes | 390 |
Indices | ||
I | Botanical names | 392 |
II | Chemical constituents | 394 |
III | Other names of the plants | 404 |
Plant based medicine have been used by mankind since time immemorial. According to the report of World Health Organization, over 80 per cent of the world population relies on the traditional systems of medicine, largely plant based to meet their primary health care. The effectiveness of these systems, in turn mainly depends upon the proper use and sustained availability of genuine raw material. Global resurgence of the interest in herbal drugs has led to the need of their mass production which perhaps was not even contemplated by the traditional medicine practitioners who prepared and dispensed the medicine on a personal and individual basis. Largescale production of medicinal plant products necessitated the availability of standards to ensure their quality, efficacy and safety.
Furthermore limited availability of medicinal plants of consistent quality has been perhaps one of the toughest impediment for reliable biological, pharmacological chemical and clinical evolution besides their use in health care. Lack or inadequacy of quality standards has been a discouraging factor for many potential herbal drug manufactures and also a handicap in regulating the herbal drug market.
Against this backdrop, the Indian Council of Medical Research initiated a programme for laying down quality standards of about 200 medicinal plants widely used in India. Special emphasis has been laid on various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatographic, fingerprinting, HPTLC, HPLC and GLC wherever needed . the studies complemented by literature back up has resulted in the preparation of monograph on 32 individual medicinal plants which have been covered in the present first volume. The work on the remaining plants is in progress.
The contents of monograph on each plants have been systematically described as follows:
VOLUME - I
Message | v | |
Foreword | vii | |
Preface | ix | |
Acknowledgements | xi | |
Abbreviations | xii | |
Introduction | xv | |
| ||
1 | Abutilon indicum Sweet | 1 |
2 | Alpinia galanga Willd | 7 |
3 | Arnebia euchroma Johnston | 13 |
4 | Artemisia anua Linn | 21 |
5 | Asparagus racemo Willdsus | 27 |
6 | Bergenia ciliata Sternb. Forma ligulataYeo | 34 |
7 | Butea monosperma Taub | 40 |
8 | Cassia occidentalis Linn | 47 |
9 | Cassia senna Lin var senna | 57 |
10 | Cinchona officinalis Linn.f. | 65 |
11 | Cinamomum verum J. S. Presl | 74 |
12 | Curcuma amada Roxb | 82 |
13 | Cyperus rotundus Linn | 89 |
14 | Elettaria cardamomum Maton | 95 |
15 | Gymnema sylvestre Schult | 102 |
16 | Holarrhena antidysenterica DC | 109 |
17 | Jatopha glandulifera Roxb | 117 |
18 | Lawsonia inernmis Linn | 123 |
19 | Moringa oliefera Lamk | 130 |
20 | Mucuna pruriens DC | 136 |
21 | Murraya koenigii Spreng | 142 |
22 | Myristica fragrans Houtt | 150 |
23 | Nigela sativa Linn | 161 |
24 | Piper longum Linn | 168 |
25 | Pueraria tuberosa DC. | 174 |
26 | Sida acuta Burm f. ssp. Acuta | 181 |
27 | Tephrosia purpurea Pers | 187 |
28 | Terminalia bellirica Roxb | 198 |
29 | Terminalia chebula Retz | 205 |
30 | Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hok. F. & Thoms | 212 |
31 | Tylophora indica Merrill | 219 |
32 | Wedelia chinensis Merrill | 226 |
| ||
I | Evalution of crude drugs | 235 |
II | Phytochemical evalution of raw material | 238 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 242 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 243 |
V | Pesticides, residue and microbial contamination | 244 |
VI | Plants allocated various Institutes | 246 |
| ||
I | Botanical names | 247 |
II | Chemical constituents | 249 |
III | Other names of the Plants | 255 |
Foreword | v | |
Preface | vii | |
Acknowledgements | viii | |
Abbreviations | ix | |
Introduction | xi | |
Quality Standards of Indian medical plants Covered in Volume I | xiii | |
| ||
1 | Albizia lebbeck Benth | 1 |
2 | Aristolochia indica Linn | 9 |
3 | Boswellia serrata Roxb ex Colebr | 19 |
4 | Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Emend. Dandy & Exell | 25 |
5 | Calotropis gigantean R. Br | 34 |
6 | Cassia fistula Linn | 47 |
7 | Catjaranthus roseus G. Don | 54 |
8 | Cissus quadrangularis Linn | 62 |
9 | Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb ex Spreng | 70 |
10 | Coscinium fenestratum Colebr | 79 |
11 | Dactylorhiza hatagirea Soo | 87 |
12 | Digitalis lanata Ehrh | 94 |
13 | Euphorbia prostrata W. Ait | 103 |
14 | Euphorbia tirucalli Linn | 112 |
15 | Hemidesmus indicus R. Br | 119 |
16 | Hibiscus rosa- sinensis Linn | 129 |
17 | Hypericum perforatum Linn | 136 |
18 | Liucas cephalotes Spreng | 146 |
19 | Malaxisacuminata D. Don | 155 |
20 | Mimusops elengi Linn | 161 |
21 | Ocimum basilicum Linn | 168 |
22 | Ocimum gratissimum Linn | 176 |
23 | Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn | 184 |
24 | Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn | 193 |
25 | Saraca asoca de Wilde | 201 |
26 | Sida rhombifolia Linn ssp. Rhomnbifolia | 209 |
27 | Silybum marianum Gaetn | 217 |
28 | Streblus asper Lour | 227 |
29 | Taxus wallichiana Zucc. | 235 |
30 | Terminalia Arjuna Wight and Arn | 243 |
31 | Thevetia perviana K. Schum | 253 |
32 | Trianthema portulacastrum Linn | 261 |
| ||
I | Evaluation of crude drugs | 273 |
II | Phytochemical evaluation of raw material | 276 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 280 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 282 |
V | Pesticide residues and microbial contamination | 283 |
VI | Plants allocated to various institutes | 285 |
| ||
I | Botanical names | 286 |
II | Chemical constituents | 288 |
III | Other names of the plants | 296 |
Foreword | v | |
Preface | vii | |
Acknowledgements | viii | |
Abbreviations | ix | |
Introduction | xiii | |
Contents of Volume 1 (Plants Covered) | xv | |
Content of Volume 2 (Plants Covered) | xvi | |
Monographs | ||
1 | Adhatoda beddomei Clarke | 1 |
2 | Aerva lanata (Linn) Juss. | 9 |
3 | Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. | 20 |
4 | Allium cepa Linn. | 29 |
5 | Allium sativum Linn | 38 |
6 | Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. | 48 |
7 | Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wall. Ex Guill. & Perr. | 61 |
8 | Areca catechu Linn | 69 |
9 | Berberis aristata DC. Var. aristata | 78 |
10 | Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. | 88 |
11 | Capparis deciduas Edgew. | 98 |
12 | Carissa carandas Linn. | 107 |
13 | Catunaregam spinosa (Thumb.)Tiruv, ssp. Spinosa | 115 |
14 | Cichorium intybus Linn. | 126 |
15 | Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl | 135 |
16 | Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. -Ham.) Nees & Eberm. | 149 |
17 | Cissampelos pareira Linn. Var. hirsute (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Forman | 158 |
18 | Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon | 167 |
19 | Commiphora wightti (Arnott) Bhandari | 177 |
20 | Dendrophthoe falcate (Linn. f.) Etting | 189 |
21 | Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex Kunth | 195 |
22 | Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verd. | 203 |
23 | Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. | 212 |
24 | Ficus virens Ait. | 222 |
25 | Garcinia gummi-gutta (Linn.) Rob. | 229 |
26 | Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight and Arn. | 236 |
27 | Merremia turpethum (Linn.) Shaw & Bhatt | 246 |
28 | Mesua ferrea Linn. Var. ferrea | 254 |
29 | Momordica charantia Linn. | 262 |
30 | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | 271 |
31 | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. | 281 |
32 | Psorales corylifolia Linn. | 290 |
33 | Punica granatum Linn. | 299 |
34 | Rubia cordifolia Linn. | 307 |
35 | Sapindus laurifolius Vahl | 316 |
36 | Sapindus mukoossi Gaetn. | 328 |
37 | Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. | 340 |
38 | Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) sprague | 349 |
39 | Vitex negundo Linn. | 357 |
40 | Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz | 367 |
Appendices | ||
I | Evaluation of crude drugs | 377 |
II | Phytochemical evaluation of raw material | 380 |
III | Methods for the isolation of markers | 384 |
IV | Drying and storage of raw material | 387 |
V | Pesticide residues and microbial contamination | 388 |
VI | Plants allocated to various institutes | 390 |
Indices | ||
I | Botanical names | 392 |
II | Chemical constituents | 394 |
III | Other names of the plants | 404 |