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MUGHAL INDIA
STUDIES IN POLITY, IDEAS, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE
M. Athar Ali was one of the leading historians of medieval India and his writings have inspired and influenced much of the subsequent work on the Mughal Empire. Bringing together for the first time, his collection of essays, Mughal India is a tribute to Athar Ali's historical acumen and analytical depth. They reflect his rigorous rationality, critical faculties, and straightforwardness in taking positions
Organized thematically, this volume collects some of his best essays on a wide range of topics from the realm of ideas, religion, to polity, administration, society, and culture. Some are interpretative, others represent detailed research, while most reflect both these dimensions. It also includes a critique of 'revisionist' approaches in the study of the Mughal polity, and an important section on sources. What unites the essays is the author's clear thinking, lucid prose, and consistency of approach.
These essays were collected and arranged by Athar Ali himself. After his death, his friend and colleague, Irfan Habib provided some of the editing that still needed to be carried out. In his preface, Habib discusses Athar Ali's approach to history and the changing contours of his scholarship. He also gives an account of the personal and professional worlds of the distinguished historian. Lucidly written, this classic collection will be essential reading for students, scholars, and teachers of history, particularly medieval India.
About the Author:
M. Athar Ali was Professor, Aligarh Muslim University, as well as UGC National Professor; Visiting Professor at the Center for South Asian Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and at the Center d'etudes del'Inde et del' Asie du Sud, Paris. He was also chosen as National Fellow, Indian Council of Historical Research; Smutts Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London; and Wilson Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC. He was elected Secretary of the Indian History Congress (1977-80), and subsequently its General President (1989-90).
Irfan Habib worked as Professor of History, Aligarh Muslim University, and served as Chairman, Indian Council of Historical Research.
| Preface by Irfan Habib | xi | |
| ANTECEDENTS | ||
| 1. | The Islamic Background to Indian History: An Interpretation of the Islamic Past | 3. |
| 2. | Encounter and Efflorescence: The Genesis of the Medieval Civilization | 12 |
| 3. | Nobility under Muhammad Tughluq | 31 |
| 4. | Capital of the Sultans: Delhi during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries | 37 |
| 5. | The Punjab between the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries | 49 |
| FORMATION OF THE EMPIRE | ||
| 6. | Towards an Interpretation of the Mughal Empire | 59 |
| 7. | The Pre-colonial Social Structure and the Polity of the Mughal Empire | 74 |
| 8. | The Mughal Polity: A Critique of 'Revisionist' Approaches | 82 |
| 9. | Political Structures of the Islamic Orient in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | 94 |
| POLITICAL THOUGHT | ||
| 10. | The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abdul Fazl | 109 |
| 11. | The State in Islamic Thought in India | 119 |
| 12. | Elements of Social Justice in Medieval Islamic Thought | 129 |
| THE RELIGIOUS WORLD | ||
| 13. | The 'Vision' in the Salt Range, 1578: An Interpretation | 149 |
| 14. | Sulh-I Kul and the Religious Ideas of Akbar | 158 |
| 15. | Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court | 173 |
| 16. | The Religious World of Jahangir | 183 |
| 17. | The Religious Environment under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb | 200 |
| 18. | Sidelights into ideological and Religious Attitudes in the Punjab during the Seventeenth Century | 209 |
| 19. | Pursuing an Elusive Seeker of Universal Truth: The Identity and Environment of the Author of the Dabistan-I Mazahib | 216 |
| 20. | Muslims' Perceptions of Judaism and Christianity in Medieval India | 229 |
| THE POLITICS OF EEMPIRE | ||
| 21. | The Religious Issue in the War of Succession, 1658-59 | 245 |
| 22. | Causes of the Rathor Rebellion of 1679 | 253 |
| 23. | Provincial Governors Under Aurangzeb: An Analysis | 262 |
| THE EMPIRE AND CONTEMPORARY POWERS | ||
| 24. | 'International Law' or Conventions Governing Conduct of Relations between Asian States, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | 307 |
| 25. | Jahangir and the Uzbeks | 316 |
| 26. | The Objectives Behind the Mughal Expedition into Balkh and Badakhshan, 1646-47 | 327 |
| THE PASSING OF THE EMPIRE | ||
| 27. | The Passing of the Empire: the Mughal Case | 337 |
| 28. | Recent Theories of Eighteenth-century India | 350 |
| SOURCES | ||
| 29. | History in Indo-Muslim Tradition | 363 |
| 30. | The Use of Sources in Mughal Historiography | 370 |
| 31. | The Correspondence of Aurangzeb and its Historical Significance | 388 |
| Index | 392 | |
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MUGHAL INDIA
STUDIES IN POLITY, IDEAS, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE
M. Athar Ali was one of the leading historians of medieval India and his writings have inspired and influenced much of the subsequent work on the Mughal Empire. Bringing together for the first time, his collection of essays, Mughal India is a tribute to Athar Ali's historical acumen and analytical depth. They reflect his rigorous rationality, critical faculties, and straightforwardness in taking positions
Organized thematically, this volume collects some of his best essays on a wide range of topics from the realm of ideas, religion, to polity, administration, society, and culture. Some are interpretative, others represent detailed research, while most reflect both these dimensions. It also includes a critique of 'revisionist' approaches in the study of the Mughal polity, and an important section on sources. What unites the essays is the author's clear thinking, lucid prose, and consistency of approach.
These essays were collected and arranged by Athar Ali himself. After his death, his friend and colleague, Irfan Habib provided some of the editing that still needed to be carried out. In his preface, Habib discusses Athar Ali's approach to history and the changing contours of his scholarship. He also gives an account of the personal and professional worlds of the distinguished historian. Lucidly written, this classic collection will be essential reading for students, scholars, and teachers of history, particularly medieval India.
About the Author:
M. Athar Ali was Professor, Aligarh Muslim University, as well as UGC National Professor; Visiting Professor at the Center for South Asian Studies, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and at the Center d'etudes del'Inde et del' Asie du Sud, Paris. He was also chosen as National Fellow, Indian Council of Historical Research; Smutts Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London; and Wilson Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC. He was elected Secretary of the Indian History Congress (1977-80), and subsequently its General President (1989-90).
Irfan Habib worked as Professor of History, Aligarh Muslim University, and served as Chairman, Indian Council of Historical Research.
| Preface by Irfan Habib | xi | |
| ANTECEDENTS | ||
| 1. | The Islamic Background to Indian History: An Interpretation of the Islamic Past | 3. |
| 2. | Encounter and Efflorescence: The Genesis of the Medieval Civilization | 12 |
| 3. | Nobility under Muhammad Tughluq | 31 |
| 4. | Capital of the Sultans: Delhi during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries | 37 |
| 5. | The Punjab between the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries | 49 |
| FORMATION OF THE EMPIRE | ||
| 6. | Towards an Interpretation of the Mughal Empire | 59 |
| 7. | The Pre-colonial Social Structure and the Polity of the Mughal Empire | 74 |
| 8. | The Mughal Polity: A Critique of 'Revisionist' Approaches | 82 |
| 9. | Political Structures of the Islamic Orient in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | 94 |
| POLITICAL THOUGHT | ||
| 10. | The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abdul Fazl | 109 |
| 11. | The State in Islamic Thought in India | 119 |
| 12. | Elements of Social Justice in Medieval Islamic Thought | 129 |
| THE RELIGIOUS WORLD | ||
| 13. | The 'Vision' in the Salt Range, 1578: An Interpretation | 149 |
| 14. | Sulh-I Kul and the Religious Ideas of Akbar | 158 |
| 15. | Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court | 173 |
| 16. | The Religious World of Jahangir | 183 |
| 17. | The Religious Environment under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb | 200 |
| 18. | Sidelights into ideological and Religious Attitudes in the Punjab during the Seventeenth Century | 209 |
| 19. | Pursuing an Elusive Seeker of Universal Truth: The Identity and Environment of the Author of the Dabistan-I Mazahib | 216 |
| 20. | Muslims' Perceptions of Judaism and Christianity in Medieval India | 229 |
| THE POLITICS OF EEMPIRE | ||
| 21. | The Religious Issue in the War of Succession, 1658-59 | 245 |
| 22. | Causes of the Rathor Rebellion of 1679 | 253 |
| 23. | Provincial Governors Under Aurangzeb: An Analysis | 262 |
| THE EMPIRE AND CONTEMPORARY POWERS | ||
| 24. | 'International Law' or Conventions Governing Conduct of Relations between Asian States, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries | 307 |
| 25. | Jahangir and the Uzbeks | 316 |
| 26. | The Objectives Behind the Mughal Expedition into Balkh and Badakhshan, 1646-47 | 327 |
| THE PASSING OF THE EMPIRE | ||
| 27. | The Passing of the Empire: the Mughal Case | 337 |
| 28. | Recent Theories of Eighteenth-century India | 350 |
| SOURCES | ||
| 29. | History in Indo-Muslim Tradition | 363 |
| 30. | The Use of Sources in Mughal Historiography | 370 |
| 31. | The Correspondence of Aurangzeb and its Historical Significance | 388 |
| Index | 392 | |
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