When I first became involved in the study of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography, and later with Indian Muslim iconographic architecture, particularly Mughal, I was chagrined at the paucity of what might be considered as comprehensive material dealing with the arts of India or with Buddhism and Hinduism outside the subcontinent. I first became aware of the problem after purchasing several fine thangkas in Nepal. Upon returning home, I wished to discover the iconography of these paintings. It was a baptism of fire! Found a smidgen of information here and there but nothing comprehensive. I purchased or was given five books, which opened doors for me e. g., the publications of Antoinette Gordon, R.S. Gupte, B.O. Olschak, T.A. Gopinatha Rao and Rene de Nebesky- Wojkowitz. These were a beginning on a long arduous road.
Then my path led to the consideration of architecture, particularly architectural plans. I had always had an abiding interest in architecture, architectural history and architectural plans. I was further dismayed. Numerous books displayed plans of various structures, but most were so small as to defy definitive perception. They appeared nothing more than an afterthought. Emphasis was placed on architectural sculpture, engineering achievements and/ or materials.
George Coedes study caught my imagination, but it too lacked suitable plans. Again, I searched. Luckily I was able to obtain a number of books that more or less fulfilled my needs- e. g. , Paul Strachan Clarence Aasen Jacques Dumarcay and Michael Smithies Krishna Deva and H. Sarkar. These then were the seeds for my further studies and research. Numerous sources added many layers of nacre over the years. The results of which have appeared in print.
Then, I realized that even though my noted publications gave prime import to the plans theses plans were in contiguous but separate publications. Therefore this publication is an attempt to bring together those plans under a single cover. In some instances, plans have been added that do not appear in my previous publications.
Plans are central to this consideration. However, elevations are not to be discounted. In the presentation of the elevations, they are " proportional"- i.e. they are the depiction of major architectural forms and masses- and are not purported to be precise in the presentation of their minor, architectural details. The computer was utilized in the construction of these elevations. The plans, on the other hand, are relatively precise.
From the Jacket
This volume presents the plans of temples, tombs, palaces and pavilions found in the Indian subcontinents and the Indianized states of Java, the Khmer, Pagan, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. They contain detailed diagrams of plans of over 380 structures along with a brief note on each plan that covers the various segments/ sections of each monument. The plans are precise and are presented along with their elevations, which are proportional, i.e. depict major architectural forms and masses. The period third century BC to CE 1854, pertain to different regions of India and different periods and dynasties in Indian history. They include famous structures like the cave monasteries at Ajanta, Sanchi temples, Rajasthani temples, the Lal Qila and the Taj Mahal as well as other lesser- known buildings. Monuments of the Mughals, the Sultanate kings, the Lodis, Tughaqs and Vijaynagar kings are among the Indian structures included.
The book will be useful for scholars of Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic architecture with particular reference to South Asian and South -East Asian regions.
Fredrick W. Bunce, Ph. D. a Cultural historian of international eminence is an authority on ancient iconography and Buddhist Arts. He has been honoured with prestigious awards / commendations and is listed in Who's Who in American Art and the International Biographical Dictionary1980. He is Currently Professor Emeritus of Art, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. He has authored the following books, all published D. K. Printworld.
Abbreviations | xix | |
Preface | xxi | |
Key to Transliteration | xxii | |
Movements of India The Plans of Major and Notable Temples, Tombs, Places and Pavilious |
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Notes on the Movements of India | 2 | |
1 | Stupa I, Sanci | 29 |
2 | Thuparama Dagoba, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka | 30 |
3 | Ravanveliseya Dagoba, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka | 31 |
4 | Caitya Hall, Karli | 32 |
5 | Buddhist Cave-Monastery # 2, Ajanta | 33 |
6 | Temple 17, Sanci | 34 |
7 | Temple 18, Sanci | 35 |
8 | Ladh Khan, Aihole | 36 |
9 | Parvati Temple, Nachna | 37 |
10 | Siva Temple, Bhumara | 38 |
11 | Kesariya Stupa (Deora)(proposed),Kesariya | 39 |
12 | Durga Temple, Aihole | 40 |
13 | Gupta Temple, Deogarh | 41 |
14 | Rudra- Bhairava Temple, Tala (Jethani) | 42 |
15 | The Great Temple (Mahesamurti), Elephanta | 43 |
16 | Siddhesvara Temple, Palari | 44 |
17 | Parasuramesvara Temple Bhubaneshwar | 45 |
18 | Svarga- Brahma Temple, Alampur | 46 |
19 | Shore temple, Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) | 47 |
20 | Kailasantha Temple, Kancipuram | 48 |
21 | Huchchimalli Temple, Aihole | 49 |
22 | Kalikamata Temple, Chittogarh | 50 |
23 | Laksanadevi temple, Brahmaur | 51 |
24 | Valabhi temple, Naresar | 52 |
25 | Siva Temple, Dhobini | 53 |
26 | Papanatha temple, Pattadkal | 54 |
27 | Martanda (Surya) temple, Mattan | 55 |
28 | Huchchapayya Temple, Aihole | 56 |
29 | Padma-Brahma Temple, Alampur | 57 |
30 | Virupaksa Temple, Pattadakal | 58 |
31 | Teli-ka-mandir Temple, Gwalior | 59 |
32 | Vaital Deul (Camunda) Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 60 |
33 | Sisiresvara temple, Bhubaneshwar | 61 |
34 | Siva Temple, Lakhamandal | 62 |
35 | Vaikuntha- perumal Temple, Kancipuram | 63 |
36 | Mahavira Temple, Osian | 64 |
37 | Siva Temple, Indore | 65 |
38 | Jaina Temple, No. 15, Deogarh | 66 |
39 | Maha-vihara Dharmapala, Paharpur, Bangladesh | 67 |
40 | Maha-vihara Dharmapala, Sanctuary | 68 |
41 | Krsna Temple, Tirukkulashekharapuram | 69 |
42 | Harsat- mata Temple, Abaneri | 70 |
43 | Brahma Temple, Kajuraho | 71 |
44 | Siva Temple, Thiruvanchikulam | 72 |
45 | Madhukesvara temple Complex, Mukhalingam | 73 |
46 | Siva temple, Tiruvanur | 74 |
47 | Hariscandra-ni-Chori Temple, Shamalaji | 75 |
48 | Vijayalaya-colisvara temple, Narttamalai | 76 |
49 | Basesar Mahadeva Temple, Bajaura | 77 |
50 | Avantisvami Temple, Avantipur | 78 |
51 | Brahmanasvami Temple, Varman | 79 |
52 | Jarai Math, Barwasagar | 80 |
53 | Kilatali Siva Temple, Thiruvanchikula | 81 |
54 | Kalasamharamurti Temple, Triprangod | 82 |
55 | Sasta temple (Karikkad Ksetram), Manjeri | 83 |
56 | Siva Temple, Masaon | 84 |
57 | Siva temple, Chandrehe | 85 |
58 | Siva Temple, Kaviyur | 86 |
59 | Laksmana Temple Ensemble, Khajuraho | 87 |
60 | Harsanath Mahadeva temple, Harsha | 88 |
61 | Subrahmanya Temple, Manjeri | 89 |
62 | Brhadisvara Temple, Thanjavur | 90 |
63 | Brhadisvara Temple Vimana (Detail) | 91 |
64 | Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho | 92 |
65 | Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu, Rajasthan | 93 |
66 | Surya Temple Ensemble, Modhera | 94 |
67 | Surya temple & Sabhamandapa, Modhera | 95 |
68 | Surya Temple tank, Modhera | 96 |
69 | Vimala Vasahi temple, Mount Abu | 97 |
70 | Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 98 |
71 | Rama Temple, Triprayar | 99 |
72 | Udayesvara temple, Udaipur | 100 |
73 | Brahmesvara Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 101 |
74 | Javari Temple, Khajuraho | 102 |
75 | Vatadage, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 103 |
76 | Tivanka Pilimage, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 104 |
77 | Varahi Temple, Chaurasi | 105 |
78 | Chausatha Yoginis & Gauri Sankara Temple, Bheraghat | 106 |
79 | Chennakesava Temple, Belur | 107 |
80 | Chennakesava Temple Vimana,(Detail) | 108 |
81 | Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid | 109 |
82 | Hoysalesvara temple (Detail) | 110 |
83 | Ibrahim Shrine/Masjid, Bhadresvar | 111 |
84 | Solahkhambi Masjid, Bhadresvar | 112 |
85 | Choti Masjid, Bhadresvar | 113 |
86 | Qadi Taj al-din Masjid, Madura | 114 |
87 | Kampaharesvara Temple, Tribhuvanam | 115 |
88 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi,1st Stage | 116 |
89 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi, 2nd Stage | 117 |
90 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi | 118 |
91 | Luna Vasahi (Neminatha) temple, Mount Abu | 119 |
92 | Adinatha Temple, Mount Abu | 120 |
93 | Parsvanath temple, Mount Abu | 121 |
94 | Tomb no. 36, Delhi | 122 |
95 | Tomb of Sultan Ghari, Delhi | 123 |
96 | Tomb of Sultan Iltutmish, Delhi | 124 |
97 | Surya Temple, Konarak | 125 |
98 | Kesava temple, Somnathpur | 126 |
99 | Kesava temple( Delail) | 127 |
100 | Hauz Khas, Delhi (Partial) | 128 |
101 | Tomb of Sheikh Rukn-i Alam, Multan, Pakistan | 129 |
102 | Karim-ud-Din Masjid, Bijapur | 130 |
103 | Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq I, Delhi | 131 |
104 | Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq I (Ensemble) | 132 |
105 | Masjid-i Jami, Cambay | 133 |
106 | Masjid Begampuri, Delhi | 134 |
107 | Jami al-Kabir, Kayalpatnam | 135 |
108 | Ahmad Nainar Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 136 |
108 | Kotla Firuz, Delhi, 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Storeys | 137 |
110 | Masjid Kalan, Delhi | 138 |
111 | Adina Masjid, Pandua | 139 |
112 | Vijayanagara, Qila, Vijayanagara | 140 |
113 | Vijayanagara, Padma Mahal, Square Water Pavilion | 141 |
114 | Vijayanagara, Elephant Stables, Domes & Plan | 142 |
115 | Geometric Tank, Vijayanagara | 143 |
116 | Masjid -i Jami, gulbarga | 144 |
117 | Masjid Ala al -din, Madura | 145 |
118 | Khirki Masjid, Delhi | 146 |
119 | Masjid -i Jami, Srinagar | 147 |
120 | Tomb of Khan-I Jihan Tilangani, Delhi | 148 |
121 | Tomb of firuz Shah Tughluq, Delhi | 149 |
122 | Atala Masjid, Jaunpur | 150 |
123 | Shadiabad, Mandu | 151 |
124 | Jahaz Mahal, Shadiabad | 152 |
125 | Hindola Mahal, Shadiabad, Plan 1st Storey & 2nd Storey | 153 |
126 | Dilwar Khan Masjid, Shadiabad, Mandu | 154 |
127 | Bidargarh, Bidar | 155 |
128 | Solah Khamba Masjid, Bidar | 156 |
129 | Rani Separi Masjid , Ahmedabad | 157 |
130 | tomb of Jalau -ud din Mahammad Shah, Pandua | 158 |
131 | Tomb of Rani Rupmati , Ahmedabad | 159 |
132 | Rani Rupmati Masjid, Ahmedabad | 160 |
133 | Kumbhalgarh, Chittor | 161 |
134 | Tomb of Mubarak Shah Sayyid, Delhi | 162 |
135 | Masjid -I Jami , Jaunpur | 163 |
136 | Adinatha Temple, Ranakpur | 164 |
137 | Tomb of Hushang Shah Mandu | 165 |
138 | Masjid-I Jami ,Mandu | 166 |
139 | Masjid Ahmad Shah, Ahmedabad | 167 |
140 | Qadiriya Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 168 |
141 | Masjid -I Jami, Sarkhej (Ahmedabad) | 169 |
142 | Meherangarh, Jodhpur | 170 |
143 | Sayyid Usman Rauza (Mausoleum) | 171 |
144 | Sayyid Usman Rauza, ensemble | 172 |
145 | Tomb of Chotte Khan Ka Gunbad, Delhi | 173 |
146 | Gunmani Masjid, Gaur | 174 |
147 | Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid, Mahmudabad | 175 |
148 | Masjid-I Jami, Champaner | 176 |
149 | Man Mandir, Gwalior | 177 |
150 | Man Mandir, Gujari Mahal, Ground Plan | 178 |
151 | Gingee Mandir | 179 |
152 | Wav Dada Harir (Baoli Bai Hari) Asarwa | 180 |
153 | Mahalingesvara Temple, Aduru | 181 |
154 | Bhagavati Temple, Truvalattur | 182 |
155 | Siva Temple, Vaikam | 183 |
156 | Ainapur Mahal, Ainapur | 184 |
157 | Water Pavilion (Hammam), Kumatagi | 185 |
158 | Vitthala (Vithoba) Temple Hampi | 186 |
159 | Vitthala (Vithoba) Temple (Detail) | 187 |
160 | Jambukesvara Temple, Tiruchirapalli | 188 |
161 | Chota Sona Masjid, gaur | 189 |
162 | Tomb of Sikandar Lodi, Delhi | 190 |
163 | Tomb of Hasan Khan Sur, Saseram | 191 |
164 | Tomb of Sher Shah (podium) | 192 |
165 | Tomb of Sher Shah (Ensemble) | 193 |
166 | Tomb of Sher Shah , Proportional elevation and half Plan | 194 |
167 | Tomb of Isa Khan Niyazi, Delhi | 195 |
168 | Tomb of Isa Khan Niyazi Ensemble | 196 |
169 | Rettaikulampalli Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 197 |
170 | Safa Masjid, Ponda | 198 |
171 | Raja Mandir , Orchha | 199 |
172 | Raja Mandir, Plan 2nd Storey & 3rd Storey | 200 |
173 | Raja Mandir, Plan roof line & fioorplan based on Hindu ideal | 201 |
174 | Raja Mandir, Proportional elevation & half plan | 202 |
175 | Masjid -I Jami, Bijapur | 203 |
176 | Gagan Mahal Bijapur | 204 |
177 | Tomb of Adham Khan, Delhi | 205 |
178 | Tomb of Adham Khan, Proportional elevation and Half Plan | 206 |
179 | Lal Qila (red fort) Agra | 207 |
180 | Lal Qila (red Fort) (detail), residential areas | 208 |
181 | Tomb of Humayun, Delhi | 209 |
182 | Tomb of Humayun, Mausoleum, raised podium & terrace | 210 |
183 | Tomb of Humayun , Ensemble | 211 |
184 | Tomb of Humayun, Proportional elevation and half plan | 212 |
185 | Tomb of Humayun Ghaus, Gwalior | 213 |
186 | Fatehpur Sikri | 214 |
187 | Masjid-I Jami, Fatehpur Sikri | 215 |
188 | "Diwan-I Khas," Fatehpur Sikri, Plan 1st & 2nd Storeys | 216 |
189 | "Diwan-I Khas ," Fatehpur Sikri Proportional elevation & 1st story half plan | 217 |
190 | Birbal Bhavan, Fatehpur Sikri, Plan,1st & 2nd Storeys | 218 |
191 | Jodh- Bai Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, plan,1st storey | 219 |
192 | Jodh Bai Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri plan, 2nd storey | 220 |
193 | Sunahra Makan,(Miriam's House), Fatehpur Sikri | 221 |
194 | Panca Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, 1st storey plan | 222 |
195 | Panca Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Plan upper storeys | 223 |
196 | Mithqalpalli Masjid, Calicut | 224 |
197 | Govind Deva Temple, Brindaban | 225 |
198 | Tomb of Akbar (ground level plan), Sikandra | 226 |
199 | Tomb of Akbar, 2nd storey plan | 227 |
200 | Tomb of Akbar, 3rd storey plan | 228 |
201 | Tomb of Akbar, 4th storey plan | 229 |
202 | Tomb of Akbar, 5th storey plan | 230 |
203 | Tomb of Akbar, Ensemble | 231 |
204 | Tomb of Akbar, proportional elevation and 1st storey half plan | 232 |
205 | Chandragiri Palace (Raja Mahal), Tirupati | 233 |
206 | Chandragiri Place, Raja Mahal, 2nd & 3rd storeys | 234 |
207 | Rana Mahal , Chandragiri | 235 |
208 | City Place, Udaipur | 236 |
209 | City Place, Udaipur, indicating the four levels | 237 |
210 | Farah Bagh (Feria Bagh), Ahmadnagar | 238 |
211 | Raj Mahal Amber | 239 |
212 | Diwan-I Amm Chowk and Residential Chowk, Raj Mahal | 240 |
213 | Ali Shahid Pir Masjid, Bijapur | 241 |
214 | Jahangir Mandir, (Jahangiri Mahal), Orchha | 242 |
215 | Jahangir Mandir, 3rd storey & roofline plan | 243 |
216 | Jahangir Mandir, Proportional elevation & Half plan | 244 |
217 | Anda Masjid, Bijapur | 245 |
218 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, Golconda | 246 |
219 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, proportional elevation & half plan | 247 |
220 | Ibrahim Rauza, Mausoleum, Bijapur | 248 |
221 | Ibrahim Rauza Masjid , Bijapur | 249 |
222 | Ibrahim Rauza ,Ensemble | 250 |
223 | Ibrahim Rauza, proportional elevation& half plan | 251 |
224 | Tomb of Iftikhar Khan, Chunar | 252 |
225 | Tomb of Iftikhar Khan, proportional elevation & half plan | 253 |
226 | Tom of Shah Daulat, Maner | 254 |
227 | Tomb of Shah Dault, proportional elevation & half plan | 255 |
228 | Govind Mandir (Bir Singh Judeo Mahal), Datia | 256 |
229 | Govind Mandir, plan, 2nd & 3rd storeys | 257 |
230 | Govind Mandir, plan 4th & 5th storeys | 258 |
231 | Govind Mandir(Bir Singh Judeo Mahal), proportional elevation & half plan | 259 |
232 | Jag Mandir, Udaipur | 260 |
233 | Gul Mahal , Jag Mandir, plan (partial) | 261 |
234 | Manaksi Sundaresvara Temple, Madurai | 262 |
235 | Shahi Bagh, Ahmedabad | 263 |
236 | Tomb of khan Khanan, Delhi | 264 |
237 | Tomb of Jahagir, Lahore, Pakistan | 265 |
238 | Tomb of Jahagir(Ensemble) | 266 |
239 | Tomb of Jahagir, proportional elevation and 1st storey half plan | 267 |
240 | Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur | 268 |
241 | Gol Gumbaz Masjid , Bijapur | 269 |
242 | Gol Gumbaz, proportional elevation & half plan | 270 |
243 | Tomb of Johan Begum , Ainapur | 271 |
244 | Tomb of I timad-ud-daula(1st level), Agra | 272 |
245 | Tomb of I'timad-ud-daula(plan 2nd level) | 273 |
246 | Tomb of I'timad-ud-daula, proportional elevation & half plan | 274 |
247 | Masjid Wazir Khan, Lahore | 275 |
248 | Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad), Delhi | 276 |
249 | Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad), Imperial Pavilions indicating Type | 277 |
250 | Diwan-I-Am, Lal Qila (Shahjanabad) | 278 |
251 | Pearl Masque, Lal Qila (Shahjanabad) | 279 |
252 | Baksh Bagh(A) & Mahtab Bagh (B),Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad) | 280 |
253 | Dault Kothi, Bijapur, 1st & 2nd storeys | 281 |
254 | Taj Mahal (1st Level), Agra | 282 |
255 | Taj Mahal (2nd level) | 283 |
256 | Taj Mahal (Ensemble) | 284 |
257 | Taj Mahal, proportional elevation & half plan | 285 |
258 | Masjid-I Jami, Delhi | 286 |
259 | Masjid -I Jami , Tatta | 287 |
260 | Athar Mahal (Dad Mahal), Bijapur | 288 |
261 | Marakkkayarpalli (Masjid), Kayalpatnam | 289 |
262 | Nayaka Mahal, Madurai | 290 |
263 | Mecca Masjid, Bijapur | 291 |
264 | Jagadisa Temple Tank, Udaipur | 292 |
265 | Afzal Khan Rauza, Bijapur | 293 |
266 | Afzal Khan Rauza Masjid, Bijapur | 294 |
267 | Afzal Khan Rauza, proportional elevation & half plan | 295 |
268 | Shah Navaz Khan Rauza, Bijapur | 296 |
269 | Shah Navaz Khan Rauza Masjid, Bijapur | 297 |
270 | Tomb of Shah Navaz Khan Elevation & half plan | 298 |
271 | Tomb of Ali'Adil Shah II, Bijapur | 299 |
272 | Tomb of Ali' Adil Shah II (Cousen's elevation) | 300 |
273 | Tomb of Ali' Adil Shah II, proportional elevation(Suggested) & half plan | 301 |
274 | Masjid Badshahi, Lahore | 302 |
275 | Deeg-garh (Garden Palace),Deeg | 303 |
276 | Deeg-garh(Garden Palace), plan detial | 304 |
277 | City Palace, Jaipur | 305 |
278 | Mubarak Mahal, City Palace, Jaipur | 306 |
279 | Sarvato Bhadra, City Palace, Jaipur | 307 |
280 | Padmanabhapuram, Kanyakumari | 308 |
281 | Padmanabhapuram, Plan detail, compounds I, II & III | 309 |
282 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Delhi | 310 |
283 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Ensemble | 311 |
284 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Proportional elevation & half plan | 312 |
285 | Ramachandra Temple (temple level), Jaipur | 313 |
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Notes on the Monuments of the Indianized states | 316 | |
Monuments of Java | 325 | |
286 | Borobudur, Java | 326 |
287 | Borobudur, proportional half elevation & quarter plan | 327 |
288 | Chandi Kalasan, Java | 328 |
289 | Chandi Lumbung Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 329 |
290 | Chandi Sewu Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 330 |
291 | Chandi Sewu Sanctuary | 331 |
292 | Chandi Perwara(First court ), Chandi Sewu, Prambanan, Proportional elevation | 332 |
293 | Loro Jonggrang Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 333 |
294 | Chandi Brhna Loro Jonggrang, Prambanan proportional elevation | 334 |
295 | Chandi Sari, Java, Prambanan Java | 335 |
296 | Chandi Sari, Prambanan Java, Proportional elevation | 336 |
297 | Chandi Djago, Malang Java | 337 |
298 | Chandi Djaga, Malang, Java, Proportional, elevation | 338 |
299 | Chandi Panataran Sanctuary, Blitar (Kediri), Java | 339 |
300 | Chandi Panataran, Ensemble | 340 |
Monuments of the Khmer | 341 | |
301 | Preah Ko, Roluos (Hariharalaya), ensemble | 342 |
302 | Shrine, Preah Ko | 343 |
303 | Bakong, Roluos (Hariharalaya), ensemble | 344 |
304 | Bakong, mount ensemble | 345 |
305 | Phnom Bakheng, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 346 |
306 | Phnom Bakheng, mount ensemble | 347 |
307 | Ph nom Krom, Angkor | 348 |
308 | Baksei Chamkrong, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 349 |
309 | East Mebon, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 350 |
310 | East Mebon, central ensemble | 351 |
311 | Preah Rup, ensemble | 352 |
312 | Preah Rup, central ensemble | 353 |
313 | Banteay Srei, ensemble | 354 |
314 | Banteay Srei central ensemble | 355 |
315 | Ta Keo, ensemble | 356 |
316 | Ta Keo, quincunx ensemble | 357 |
317 | Ta Keo, Principle shrine with plinth | 358 |
318 | Phimeanakas, ensemble | 359 |
319 | Baphuon, ensemble | 360 |
320 | Baphuon, mount ensemble | 361 |
321 | Phimai Temple (Prasat Hin Phimai), Khorat, Thailand | 362 |
322 | Phimai Temple, detail | 363 |
323 | Phimai Temple, Sanctuary | 364 |
324 | Angkor Wat, ensemble | 365 |
325 | Angkor Wat, Sanctuary ensemble | 366 |
326 | Northwest Library Angkor Wat | 367 |
327 | Chau Say Tevoda, ensemble | 368 |
328 | Thommanon, ensemble | 369 |
329 | Banteay Samre, ensemble | 370 |
330 | Banteay Samre Temple, Central Shrine | 371 |
331 | Phanom Rung, Thailand, ensemble | 372 |
332 | Phanom Rung, detail, sanctuary with ramp | 373 |
333 | Phanom Rung, sanctuary ensemble | 374 |
334 | Banteay Kdei, ensemble | 375 |
335 | Banteay Kdei, central ensemble | 376 |
336 | Banteay Kdei, Hall of the dancing Girls | 377 |
337 | Neak Pean, ensemble | 378 |
238 | Bayon ensemble | 379 |
239 | Bayon, Central ensemble | 380 |
340 | Bayon sanctuary | 381 |
341 | Ta Prohm, ensemble from eastern gopura | 382 |
342 | Ta Prohm, central ensemble | 383 |
343 | Ta Prohm, sanctuary ensemble | 384 |
344 | Preah Khan, ensemble | 385 |
345 | Preah Khan, central ensemble | 386 |
Monuments of Pagan | 387 | |
346 | Nat- Hlaung- Kyaung, Pagan | 388 |
347 | Nan- Hpaya, Pagan | 389 |
348 | Myin-Pya-Gu, pagan | 390 |
349 | Shwe- Zigon Pagoda, Pagan | 391 |
350 | Naga-Yon, Pagan | 392 |
351 | Ananda Temple, Pagan | 393 |
352 | Ananda, Pagan, Proportional elevation & half plan | 394 |
353 | That- Byin- Nyu, Pagan | 395 |
354 | That-Byin-Nyu, Proportional elevation | 396 |
355 | That Byin-Nyu, Proportional elevation with ground floor and mezzanine quarter plans | 397 |
356 | Dhamma-Yan-Gyi, Pagan | 398 |
357 | Dhamma-Yan-Gyi, proportional elevation & half plan | 399 |
358 | Gawdaw-Palin, Pagan | 400 |
359 | Gawdaw-Palin, Proportional elevation & half plan | 401 |
360 | Myinkaba kubyauk-Nge, Pagan | 402 |
361 | Bogyoke- Mi Kubyauk, pagan | 403 |
362 | Dhamma- Yazika, pagan | 404 |
363 | Dhamma-Yazika, Proportional elevation &half plan | 405 |
364 | Gandhakuti, Dhamma-Yazika, plan & Ensemble . | 406 |
365 | Somin -Gyi Ok- Kyaung (Monastery), Pagan | 407 |
366 | Mingala- zeidi, Pagan | 408 |
367 | Mingala-zeidi, Proposed proportional elevation | 409 |
368 | Pentagonal Temple (Panca- Buddhas) Pagan | 410 |
369 | Paya- Thon-Zu, Pagan | 411 |
Monuments of Thailand | 413 | |
370 | Chedi Wat Kukut, Lamphun | 414 |
371 | Chedi Wat Chang Lom, Si Satchanalai | 415 |
372 | Wat Phra Chao Phanan Choeng, Ayutthaya | 416 |
373 | Wat Mahathat, Sukhothai | 417 |
374 | Chedi Wat Mahathat, Chedi ensemble | 418 |
375 | Wat Phara Si Rattana Mahathat, Ayutthaya | 419 |
376 | Wat Phra Ram (Central Shrine),Ayutthaya | 420 |
377 | Prang, Wat Phra Ram, proportional elevation | 421 |
378 | Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Ratburana), Ayutthaya | 422 |
379 | Chedi Chet Yot (Central Shrine), Chiang Mai | 423 |
380 | Wat Chedi Chet Yot, roof plan | 424 |
381 | Chedi Chet Yot, Proportional elevation | 425 |
382 | Wat Pra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya | 426 |
383 | Wat Pra Si Sanphet, Central Shrines | 427 |
384 | Chedi Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ayutthaya | 428 |
385 | Wat Chai Watthanaram, Ayutthaya Central Shrine | 429 |
386 | Wat Phru Chetuphon Wimonmangkhalaram, Bangkok | 430 |
387 | Wat Phru Chetuphon Wimonmangkhalaram, ubosot ensemble | 431 |
388 | Lohaprasad,Wat Ratchanatdaram, Bangkok | 432 |
389 | Lohaprasad,Wat Ratchanatdaram, plan of third through fifth storey | 433 |
390 | Lahaprasad, Wat Ratchanatdaram, proportional elevation and half plan | 434 |
391 | Wat Arun Rajtharam, Thonburi | 435 |
392 | Prang, Wat Arun Rajtharam, proportional elevation from 4th level | 436 |
Monuments of Vietnam | 437 | |
393 | Pho-hai Shrine, Phan-thiet | 438 |
394 | Khuong my South Shrine, n. Hoi-an | 439 |
395 | Dong-duong Monastery, Dong Duong | 440 |
396 | Dong-duong Monastery, Western Sanctuary | 441 |
397 | Temple A-1, Mi Son Vietnam, Proportional elevation | 442 |
398 | Po Nagar, Nha Trang, Vietnam, proportional elevation | 443 |
Monuments of Malaysia | 445 | |
399 | Masjid Tranquerah, Malacca | 446 |
400 | Masjid Terenhkera, Malacca, proportional elevation | 447 |
401 | Masjid Kampung Laut, Kampung Laut, Kelantan | 448 |
402 | Masjid Kampung Laut, Kampung Laut ,Kelantan, proportional elevation | 449 |
403 | Masjid Kampung Kling, Malacca | 450 |
404 | Masjid Kampung Hulu, Malacca | 451 |
405 | Masjid Kampung Hulu, Malacca, proportional elevation | 452 |
Bibliography | 453 | |
Appendix A: Glossary | 461 | |
406 | Axiality | 462 |
407 | Cross-Axiality | 463 |
408 | Mirror Cross-Axiality | 464 |
409 | Rotating Axiality | 465 |
410 | Multiple Non-Perpendicular Axiality | 466 |
411 | Multiple Non- Perpendicular Axiality | 467 |
Terms | 468 | |
Appendix B: Comparative examples | 481 | |
412 | Hindu Temple Types & Palace Ideal | 482 |
413 | Siva Temple, Kanviyur & Subrahmanya Temple, Manjeri | 483 |
414 | Laksmana Temple & Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho | 484 |
415 | Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho proportional elevation | 485 |
416 | Tomb of Mubarak sayyid Section | 486 |
417 | Tomb of Sher Shah & Tomb of Adham Khan | 487 |
418 | Tomb of Humayun Elevation with podium | 488 |
419 | Chandragiri Palace (Raja Mahal) proportional elevation and 1st storey plan | 489 |
420 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, Diagonal elevation & half plan | 490 |
421 | Ibrahim Rauza, Mausoleum Section | 491 |
422 | Ibrahim Rauza & Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah Comparison based on block & dome | 492 |
423 | Tomb of Khan Khanan Elevation with Podium | 493 |
424 | Gol Gumbaz Section | 494 |
425 | Taj Mahal Elevation with Podium | 495 |
426 | Taj Mahal Section | 496 |
427 | Proportional Comparison, Elevations Dome and drum to ground of Gur-Emir, Ibrahim Rauza, Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah & Taj Mahal | 497 |
428 | Proportional Comparison, Elevations Width to height of : Chotte Khan Khanan & Taj Mahal | 498 |
429 | Comparison, Half elevation of the Tomb of Humayun & the Taj Mahal | 499 |
430 | Tomb Of Shah Navaz Khan Elevations & half plans from the South and diagonal | 500 |
431 | Tomb of Safdar Jang Elevation with podium | 501 |
432 | Angkor | 502 |
433 | Mahabodhi, Pasan & Chedi Chet Yot, Chiang Mai, indicating comparative scale | 503 |
434 | Chendebjiu Stupa, Bhutan & Chedi Si Suriyothai, Ayutthaya | 504 |
Appendix C: Indian Empires | 505 | |
Addendum | 513 | |
435 | Devi Jagadamba Temple, Khajuraho | 514 |
436 | Devi Basappa Temple, Dambal | 515 |
437 | Masjid-I Jami, Ajmer | 516 |
Acknowledgement | 517 |
When I first became involved in the study of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography, and later with Indian Muslim iconographic architecture, particularly Mughal, I was chagrined at the paucity of what might be considered as comprehensive material dealing with the arts of India or with Buddhism and Hinduism outside the subcontinent. I first became aware of the problem after purchasing several fine thangkas in Nepal. Upon returning home, I wished to discover the iconography of these paintings. It was a baptism of fire! Found a smidgen of information here and there but nothing comprehensive. I purchased or was given five books, which opened doors for me e. g., the publications of Antoinette Gordon, R.S. Gupte, B.O. Olschak, T.A. Gopinatha Rao and Rene de Nebesky- Wojkowitz. These were a beginning on a long arduous road.
Then my path led to the consideration of architecture, particularly architectural plans. I had always had an abiding interest in architecture, architectural history and architectural plans. I was further dismayed. Numerous books displayed plans of various structures, but most were so small as to defy definitive perception. They appeared nothing more than an afterthought. Emphasis was placed on architectural sculpture, engineering achievements and/ or materials.
George Coedes study caught my imagination, but it too lacked suitable plans. Again, I searched. Luckily I was able to obtain a number of books that more or less fulfilled my needs- e. g. , Paul Strachan Clarence Aasen Jacques Dumarcay and Michael Smithies Krishna Deva and H. Sarkar. These then were the seeds for my further studies and research. Numerous sources added many layers of nacre over the years. The results of which have appeared in print.
Then, I realized that even though my noted publications gave prime import to the plans theses plans were in contiguous but separate publications. Therefore this publication is an attempt to bring together those plans under a single cover. In some instances, plans have been added that do not appear in my previous publications.
Plans are central to this consideration. However, elevations are not to be discounted. In the presentation of the elevations, they are " proportional"- i.e. they are the depiction of major architectural forms and masses- and are not purported to be precise in the presentation of their minor, architectural details. The computer was utilized in the construction of these elevations. The plans, on the other hand, are relatively precise.
From the Jacket
This volume presents the plans of temples, tombs, palaces and pavilions found in the Indian subcontinents and the Indianized states of Java, the Khmer, Pagan, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. They contain detailed diagrams of plans of over 380 structures along with a brief note on each plan that covers the various segments/ sections of each monument. The plans are precise and are presented along with their elevations, which are proportional, i.e. depict major architectural forms and masses. The period third century BC to CE 1854, pertain to different regions of India and different periods and dynasties in Indian history. They include famous structures like the cave monasteries at Ajanta, Sanchi temples, Rajasthani temples, the Lal Qila and the Taj Mahal as well as other lesser- known buildings. Monuments of the Mughals, the Sultanate kings, the Lodis, Tughaqs and Vijaynagar kings are among the Indian structures included.
The book will be useful for scholars of Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic architecture with particular reference to South Asian and South -East Asian regions.
Fredrick W. Bunce, Ph. D. a Cultural historian of international eminence is an authority on ancient iconography and Buddhist Arts. He has been honoured with prestigious awards / commendations and is listed in Who's Who in American Art and the International Biographical Dictionary1980. He is Currently Professor Emeritus of Art, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. He has authored the following books, all published D. K. Printworld.
Abbreviations | xix | |
Preface | xxi | |
Key to Transliteration | xxii | |
Movements of India The Plans of Major and Notable Temples, Tombs, Places and Pavilious |
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Notes on the Movements of India | 2 | |
1 | Stupa I, Sanci | 29 |
2 | Thuparama Dagoba, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka | 30 |
3 | Ravanveliseya Dagoba, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka | 31 |
4 | Caitya Hall, Karli | 32 |
5 | Buddhist Cave-Monastery # 2, Ajanta | 33 |
6 | Temple 17, Sanci | 34 |
7 | Temple 18, Sanci | 35 |
8 | Ladh Khan, Aihole | 36 |
9 | Parvati Temple, Nachna | 37 |
10 | Siva Temple, Bhumara | 38 |
11 | Kesariya Stupa (Deora)(proposed),Kesariya | 39 |
12 | Durga Temple, Aihole | 40 |
13 | Gupta Temple, Deogarh | 41 |
14 | Rudra- Bhairava Temple, Tala (Jethani) | 42 |
15 | The Great Temple (Mahesamurti), Elephanta | 43 |
16 | Siddhesvara Temple, Palari | 44 |
17 | Parasuramesvara Temple Bhubaneshwar | 45 |
18 | Svarga- Brahma Temple, Alampur | 46 |
19 | Shore temple, Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) | 47 |
20 | Kailasantha Temple, Kancipuram | 48 |
21 | Huchchimalli Temple, Aihole | 49 |
22 | Kalikamata Temple, Chittogarh | 50 |
23 | Laksanadevi temple, Brahmaur | 51 |
24 | Valabhi temple, Naresar | 52 |
25 | Siva Temple, Dhobini | 53 |
26 | Papanatha temple, Pattadkal | 54 |
27 | Martanda (Surya) temple, Mattan | 55 |
28 | Huchchapayya Temple, Aihole | 56 |
29 | Padma-Brahma Temple, Alampur | 57 |
30 | Virupaksa Temple, Pattadakal | 58 |
31 | Teli-ka-mandir Temple, Gwalior | 59 |
32 | Vaital Deul (Camunda) Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 60 |
33 | Sisiresvara temple, Bhubaneshwar | 61 |
34 | Siva Temple, Lakhamandal | 62 |
35 | Vaikuntha- perumal Temple, Kancipuram | 63 |
36 | Mahavira Temple, Osian | 64 |
37 | Siva Temple, Indore | 65 |
38 | Jaina Temple, No. 15, Deogarh | 66 |
39 | Maha-vihara Dharmapala, Paharpur, Bangladesh | 67 |
40 | Maha-vihara Dharmapala, Sanctuary | 68 |
41 | Krsna Temple, Tirukkulashekharapuram | 69 |
42 | Harsat- mata Temple, Abaneri | 70 |
43 | Brahma Temple, Kajuraho | 71 |
44 | Siva Temple, Thiruvanchikulam | 72 |
45 | Madhukesvara temple Complex, Mukhalingam | 73 |
46 | Siva temple, Tiruvanur | 74 |
47 | Hariscandra-ni-Chori Temple, Shamalaji | 75 |
48 | Vijayalaya-colisvara temple, Narttamalai | 76 |
49 | Basesar Mahadeva Temple, Bajaura | 77 |
50 | Avantisvami Temple, Avantipur | 78 |
51 | Brahmanasvami Temple, Varman | 79 |
52 | Jarai Math, Barwasagar | 80 |
53 | Kilatali Siva Temple, Thiruvanchikula | 81 |
54 | Kalasamharamurti Temple, Triprangod | 82 |
55 | Sasta temple (Karikkad Ksetram), Manjeri | 83 |
56 | Siva Temple, Masaon | 84 |
57 | Siva temple, Chandrehe | 85 |
58 | Siva Temple, Kaviyur | 86 |
59 | Laksmana Temple Ensemble, Khajuraho | 87 |
60 | Harsanath Mahadeva temple, Harsha | 88 |
61 | Subrahmanya Temple, Manjeri | 89 |
62 | Brhadisvara Temple, Thanjavur | 90 |
63 | Brhadisvara Temple Vimana (Detail) | 91 |
64 | Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho | 92 |
65 | Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu, Rajasthan | 93 |
66 | Surya Temple Ensemble, Modhera | 94 |
67 | Surya temple & Sabhamandapa, Modhera | 95 |
68 | Surya Temple tank, Modhera | 96 |
69 | Vimala Vasahi temple, Mount Abu | 97 |
70 | Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 98 |
71 | Rama Temple, Triprayar | 99 |
72 | Udayesvara temple, Udaipur | 100 |
73 | Brahmesvara Temple, Bhubaneshwar | 101 |
74 | Javari Temple, Khajuraho | 102 |
75 | Vatadage, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 103 |
76 | Tivanka Pilimage, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka | 104 |
77 | Varahi Temple, Chaurasi | 105 |
78 | Chausatha Yoginis & Gauri Sankara Temple, Bheraghat | 106 |
79 | Chennakesava Temple, Belur | 107 |
80 | Chennakesava Temple Vimana,(Detail) | 108 |
81 | Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid | 109 |
82 | Hoysalesvara temple (Detail) | 110 |
83 | Ibrahim Shrine/Masjid, Bhadresvar | 111 |
84 | Solahkhambi Masjid, Bhadresvar | 112 |
85 | Choti Masjid, Bhadresvar | 113 |
86 | Qadi Taj al-din Masjid, Madura | 114 |
87 | Kampaharesvara Temple, Tribhuvanam | 115 |
88 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi,1st Stage | 116 |
89 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi, 2nd Stage | 117 |
90 | Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, Delhi | 118 |
91 | Luna Vasahi (Neminatha) temple, Mount Abu | 119 |
92 | Adinatha Temple, Mount Abu | 120 |
93 | Parsvanath temple, Mount Abu | 121 |
94 | Tomb no. 36, Delhi | 122 |
95 | Tomb of Sultan Ghari, Delhi | 123 |
96 | Tomb of Sultan Iltutmish, Delhi | 124 |
97 | Surya Temple, Konarak | 125 |
98 | Kesava temple, Somnathpur | 126 |
99 | Kesava temple( Delail) | 127 |
100 | Hauz Khas, Delhi (Partial) | 128 |
101 | Tomb of Sheikh Rukn-i Alam, Multan, Pakistan | 129 |
102 | Karim-ud-Din Masjid, Bijapur | 130 |
103 | Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq I, Delhi | 131 |
104 | Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq I (Ensemble) | 132 |
105 | Masjid-i Jami, Cambay | 133 |
106 | Masjid Begampuri, Delhi | 134 |
107 | Jami al-Kabir, Kayalpatnam | 135 |
108 | Ahmad Nainar Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 136 |
108 | Kotla Firuz, Delhi, 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Storeys | 137 |
110 | Masjid Kalan, Delhi | 138 |
111 | Adina Masjid, Pandua | 139 |
112 | Vijayanagara, Qila, Vijayanagara | 140 |
113 | Vijayanagara, Padma Mahal, Square Water Pavilion | 141 |
114 | Vijayanagara, Elephant Stables, Domes & Plan | 142 |
115 | Geometric Tank, Vijayanagara | 143 |
116 | Masjid -i Jami, gulbarga | 144 |
117 | Masjid Ala al -din, Madura | 145 |
118 | Khirki Masjid, Delhi | 146 |
119 | Masjid -i Jami, Srinagar | 147 |
120 | Tomb of Khan-I Jihan Tilangani, Delhi | 148 |
121 | Tomb of firuz Shah Tughluq, Delhi | 149 |
122 | Atala Masjid, Jaunpur | 150 |
123 | Shadiabad, Mandu | 151 |
124 | Jahaz Mahal, Shadiabad | 152 |
125 | Hindola Mahal, Shadiabad, Plan 1st Storey & 2nd Storey | 153 |
126 | Dilwar Khan Masjid, Shadiabad, Mandu | 154 |
127 | Bidargarh, Bidar | 155 |
128 | Solah Khamba Masjid, Bidar | 156 |
129 | Rani Separi Masjid , Ahmedabad | 157 |
130 | tomb of Jalau -ud din Mahammad Shah, Pandua | 158 |
131 | Tomb of Rani Rupmati , Ahmedabad | 159 |
132 | Rani Rupmati Masjid, Ahmedabad | 160 |
133 | Kumbhalgarh, Chittor | 161 |
134 | Tomb of Mubarak Shah Sayyid, Delhi | 162 |
135 | Masjid -I Jami , Jaunpur | 163 |
136 | Adinatha Temple, Ranakpur | 164 |
137 | Tomb of Hushang Shah Mandu | 165 |
138 | Masjid-I Jami ,Mandu | 166 |
139 | Masjid Ahmad Shah, Ahmedabad | 167 |
140 | Qadiriya Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 168 |
141 | Masjid -I Jami, Sarkhej (Ahmedabad) | 169 |
142 | Meherangarh, Jodhpur | 170 |
143 | Sayyid Usman Rauza (Mausoleum) | 171 |
144 | Sayyid Usman Rauza, ensemble | 172 |
145 | Tomb of Chotte Khan Ka Gunbad, Delhi | 173 |
146 | Gunmani Masjid, Gaur | 174 |
147 | Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid, Mahmudabad | 175 |
148 | Masjid-I Jami, Champaner | 176 |
149 | Man Mandir, Gwalior | 177 |
150 | Man Mandir, Gujari Mahal, Ground Plan | 178 |
151 | Gingee Mandir | 179 |
152 | Wav Dada Harir (Baoli Bai Hari) Asarwa | 180 |
153 | Mahalingesvara Temple, Aduru | 181 |
154 | Bhagavati Temple, Truvalattur | 182 |
155 | Siva Temple, Vaikam | 183 |
156 | Ainapur Mahal, Ainapur | 184 |
157 | Water Pavilion (Hammam), Kumatagi | 185 |
158 | Vitthala (Vithoba) Temple Hampi | 186 |
159 | Vitthala (Vithoba) Temple (Detail) | 187 |
160 | Jambukesvara Temple, Tiruchirapalli | 188 |
161 | Chota Sona Masjid, gaur | 189 |
162 | Tomb of Sikandar Lodi, Delhi | 190 |
163 | Tomb of Hasan Khan Sur, Saseram | 191 |
164 | Tomb of Sher Shah (podium) | 192 |
165 | Tomb of Sher Shah (Ensemble) | 193 |
166 | Tomb of Sher Shah , Proportional elevation and half Plan | 194 |
167 | Tomb of Isa Khan Niyazi, Delhi | 195 |
168 | Tomb of Isa Khan Niyazi Ensemble | 196 |
169 | Rettaikulampalli Masjid, Kayalpatnam | 197 |
170 | Safa Masjid, Ponda | 198 |
171 | Raja Mandir , Orchha | 199 |
172 | Raja Mandir, Plan 2nd Storey & 3rd Storey | 200 |
173 | Raja Mandir, Plan roof line & fioorplan based on Hindu ideal | 201 |
174 | Raja Mandir, Proportional elevation & half plan | 202 |
175 | Masjid -I Jami, Bijapur | 203 |
176 | Gagan Mahal Bijapur | 204 |
177 | Tomb of Adham Khan, Delhi | 205 |
178 | Tomb of Adham Khan, Proportional elevation and Half Plan | 206 |
179 | Lal Qila (red fort) Agra | 207 |
180 | Lal Qila (red Fort) (detail), residential areas | 208 |
181 | Tomb of Humayun, Delhi | 209 |
182 | Tomb of Humayun, Mausoleum, raised podium & terrace | 210 |
183 | Tomb of Humayun , Ensemble | 211 |
184 | Tomb of Humayun, Proportional elevation and half plan | 212 |
185 | Tomb of Humayun Ghaus, Gwalior | 213 |
186 | Fatehpur Sikri | 214 |
187 | Masjid-I Jami, Fatehpur Sikri | 215 |
188 | "Diwan-I Khas," Fatehpur Sikri, Plan 1st & 2nd Storeys | 216 |
189 | "Diwan-I Khas ," Fatehpur Sikri Proportional elevation & 1st story half plan | 217 |
190 | Birbal Bhavan, Fatehpur Sikri, Plan,1st & 2nd Storeys | 218 |
191 | Jodh- Bai Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, plan,1st storey | 219 |
192 | Jodh Bai Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri plan, 2nd storey | 220 |
193 | Sunahra Makan,(Miriam's House), Fatehpur Sikri | 221 |
194 | Panca Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, 1st storey plan | 222 |
195 | Panca Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Plan upper storeys | 223 |
196 | Mithqalpalli Masjid, Calicut | 224 |
197 | Govind Deva Temple, Brindaban | 225 |
198 | Tomb of Akbar (ground level plan), Sikandra | 226 |
199 | Tomb of Akbar, 2nd storey plan | 227 |
200 | Tomb of Akbar, 3rd storey plan | 228 |
201 | Tomb of Akbar, 4th storey plan | 229 |
202 | Tomb of Akbar, 5th storey plan | 230 |
203 | Tomb of Akbar, Ensemble | 231 |
204 | Tomb of Akbar, proportional elevation and 1st storey half plan | 232 |
205 | Chandragiri Palace (Raja Mahal), Tirupati | 233 |
206 | Chandragiri Place, Raja Mahal, 2nd & 3rd storeys | 234 |
207 | Rana Mahal , Chandragiri | 235 |
208 | City Place, Udaipur | 236 |
209 | City Place, Udaipur, indicating the four levels | 237 |
210 | Farah Bagh (Feria Bagh), Ahmadnagar | 238 |
211 | Raj Mahal Amber | 239 |
212 | Diwan-I Amm Chowk and Residential Chowk, Raj Mahal | 240 |
213 | Ali Shahid Pir Masjid, Bijapur | 241 |
214 | Jahangir Mandir, (Jahangiri Mahal), Orchha | 242 |
215 | Jahangir Mandir, 3rd storey & roofline plan | 243 |
216 | Jahangir Mandir, Proportional elevation & Half plan | 244 |
217 | Anda Masjid, Bijapur | 245 |
218 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, Golconda | 246 |
219 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, proportional elevation & half plan | 247 |
220 | Ibrahim Rauza, Mausoleum, Bijapur | 248 |
221 | Ibrahim Rauza Masjid , Bijapur | 249 |
222 | Ibrahim Rauza ,Ensemble | 250 |
223 | Ibrahim Rauza, proportional elevation& half plan | 251 |
224 | Tomb of Iftikhar Khan, Chunar | 252 |
225 | Tomb of Iftikhar Khan, proportional elevation & half plan | 253 |
226 | Tom of Shah Daulat, Maner | 254 |
227 | Tomb of Shah Dault, proportional elevation & half plan | 255 |
228 | Govind Mandir (Bir Singh Judeo Mahal), Datia | 256 |
229 | Govind Mandir, plan, 2nd & 3rd storeys | 257 |
230 | Govind Mandir, plan 4th & 5th storeys | 258 |
231 | Govind Mandir(Bir Singh Judeo Mahal), proportional elevation & half plan | 259 |
232 | Jag Mandir, Udaipur | 260 |
233 | Gul Mahal , Jag Mandir, plan (partial) | 261 |
234 | Manaksi Sundaresvara Temple, Madurai | 262 |
235 | Shahi Bagh, Ahmedabad | 263 |
236 | Tomb of khan Khanan, Delhi | 264 |
237 | Tomb of Jahagir, Lahore, Pakistan | 265 |
238 | Tomb of Jahagir(Ensemble) | 266 |
239 | Tomb of Jahagir, proportional elevation and 1st storey half plan | 267 |
240 | Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur | 268 |
241 | Gol Gumbaz Masjid , Bijapur | 269 |
242 | Gol Gumbaz, proportional elevation & half plan | 270 |
243 | Tomb of Johan Begum , Ainapur | 271 |
244 | Tomb of I timad-ud-daula(1st level), Agra | 272 |
245 | Tomb of I'timad-ud-daula(plan 2nd level) | 273 |
246 | Tomb of I'timad-ud-daula, proportional elevation & half plan | 274 |
247 | Masjid Wazir Khan, Lahore | 275 |
248 | Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad), Delhi | 276 |
249 | Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad), Imperial Pavilions indicating Type | 277 |
250 | Diwan-I-Am, Lal Qila (Shahjanabad) | 278 |
251 | Pearl Masque, Lal Qila (Shahjanabad) | 279 |
252 | Baksh Bagh(A) & Mahtab Bagh (B),Lal Qila (Shahjahanabad) | 280 |
253 | Dault Kothi, Bijapur, 1st & 2nd storeys | 281 |
254 | Taj Mahal (1st Level), Agra | 282 |
255 | Taj Mahal (2nd level) | 283 |
256 | Taj Mahal (Ensemble) | 284 |
257 | Taj Mahal, proportional elevation & half plan | 285 |
258 | Masjid-I Jami, Delhi | 286 |
259 | Masjid -I Jami , Tatta | 287 |
260 | Athar Mahal (Dad Mahal), Bijapur | 288 |
261 | Marakkkayarpalli (Masjid), Kayalpatnam | 289 |
262 | Nayaka Mahal, Madurai | 290 |
263 | Mecca Masjid, Bijapur | 291 |
264 | Jagadisa Temple Tank, Udaipur | 292 |
265 | Afzal Khan Rauza, Bijapur | 293 |
266 | Afzal Khan Rauza Masjid, Bijapur | 294 |
267 | Afzal Khan Rauza, proportional elevation & half plan | 295 |
268 | Shah Navaz Khan Rauza, Bijapur | 296 |
269 | Shah Navaz Khan Rauza Masjid, Bijapur | 297 |
270 | Tomb of Shah Navaz Khan Elevation & half plan | 298 |
271 | Tomb of Ali'Adil Shah II, Bijapur | 299 |
272 | Tomb of Ali' Adil Shah II (Cousen's elevation) | 300 |
273 | Tomb of Ali' Adil Shah II, proportional elevation(Suggested) & half plan | 301 |
274 | Masjid Badshahi, Lahore | 302 |
275 | Deeg-garh (Garden Palace),Deeg | 303 |
276 | Deeg-garh(Garden Palace), plan detial | 304 |
277 | City Palace, Jaipur | 305 |
278 | Mubarak Mahal, City Palace, Jaipur | 306 |
279 | Sarvato Bhadra, City Palace, Jaipur | 307 |
280 | Padmanabhapuram, Kanyakumari | 308 |
281 | Padmanabhapuram, Plan detail, compounds I, II & III | 309 |
282 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Delhi | 310 |
283 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Ensemble | 311 |
284 | Tomb of Safdar Jang, Proportional elevation & half plan | 312 |
285 | Ramachandra Temple (temple level), Jaipur | 313 |
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Notes on the Monuments of the Indianized states | 316 | |
Monuments of Java | 325 | |
286 | Borobudur, Java | 326 |
287 | Borobudur, proportional half elevation & quarter plan | 327 |
288 | Chandi Kalasan, Java | 328 |
289 | Chandi Lumbung Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 329 |
290 | Chandi Sewu Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 330 |
291 | Chandi Sewu Sanctuary | 331 |
292 | Chandi Perwara(First court ), Chandi Sewu, Prambanan, Proportional elevation | 332 |
293 | Loro Jonggrang Ensemble, Prambanan, Java | 333 |
294 | Chandi Brhna Loro Jonggrang, Prambanan proportional elevation | 334 |
295 | Chandi Sari, Java, Prambanan Java | 335 |
296 | Chandi Sari, Prambanan Java, Proportional elevation | 336 |
297 | Chandi Djago, Malang Java | 337 |
298 | Chandi Djaga, Malang, Java, Proportional, elevation | 338 |
299 | Chandi Panataran Sanctuary, Blitar (Kediri), Java | 339 |
300 | Chandi Panataran, Ensemble | 340 |
Monuments of the Khmer | 341 | |
301 | Preah Ko, Roluos (Hariharalaya), ensemble | 342 |
302 | Shrine, Preah Ko | 343 |
303 | Bakong, Roluos (Hariharalaya), ensemble | 344 |
304 | Bakong, mount ensemble | 345 |
305 | Phnom Bakheng, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 346 |
306 | Phnom Bakheng, mount ensemble | 347 |
307 | Ph nom Krom, Angkor | 348 |
308 | Baksei Chamkrong, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 349 |
309 | East Mebon, Angkor (Yasodharapura), ensemble | 350 |
310 | East Mebon, central ensemble | 351 |
311 | Preah Rup, ensemble | 352 |
312 | Preah Rup, central ensemble | 353 |
313 | Banteay Srei, ensemble | 354 |
314 | Banteay Srei central ensemble | 355 |
315 | Ta Keo, ensemble | 356 |
316 | Ta Keo, quincunx ensemble | 357 |
317 | Ta Keo, Principle shrine with plinth | 358 |
318 | Phimeanakas, ensemble | 359 |
319 | Baphuon, ensemble | 360 |
320 | Baphuon, mount ensemble | 361 |
321 | Phimai Temple (Prasat Hin Phimai), Khorat, Thailand | 362 |
322 | Phimai Temple, detail | 363 |
323 | Phimai Temple, Sanctuary | 364 |
324 | Angkor Wat, ensemble | 365 |
325 | Angkor Wat, Sanctuary ensemble | 366 |
326 | Northwest Library Angkor Wat | 367 |
327 | Chau Say Tevoda, ensemble | 368 |
328 | Thommanon, ensemble | 369 |
329 | Banteay Samre, ensemble | 370 |
330 | Banteay Samre Temple, Central Shrine | 371 |
331 | Phanom Rung, Thailand, ensemble | 372 |
332 | Phanom Rung, detail, sanctuary with ramp | 373 |
333 | Phanom Rung, sanctuary ensemble | 374 |
334 | Banteay Kdei, ensemble | 375 |
335 | Banteay Kdei, central ensemble | 376 |
336 | Banteay Kdei, Hall of the dancing Girls | 377 |
337 | Neak Pean, ensemble | 378 |
238 | Bayon ensemble | 379 |
239 | Bayon, Central ensemble | 380 |
340 | Bayon sanctuary | 381 |
341 | Ta Prohm, ensemble from eastern gopura | 382 |
342 | Ta Prohm, central ensemble | 383 |
343 | Ta Prohm, sanctuary ensemble | 384 |
344 | Preah Khan, ensemble | 385 |
345 | Preah Khan, central ensemble | 386 |
Monuments of Pagan | 387 | |
346 | Nat- Hlaung- Kyaung, Pagan | 388 |
347 | Nan- Hpaya, Pagan | 389 |
348 | Myin-Pya-Gu, pagan | 390 |
349 | Shwe- Zigon Pagoda, Pagan | 391 |
350 | Naga-Yon, Pagan | 392 |
351 | Ananda Temple, Pagan | 393 |
352 | Ananda, Pagan, Proportional elevation & half plan | 394 |
353 | That- Byin- Nyu, Pagan | 395 |
354 | That-Byin-Nyu, Proportional elevation | 396 |
355 | That Byin-Nyu, Proportional elevation with ground floor and mezzanine quarter plans | 397 |
356 | Dhamma-Yan-Gyi, Pagan | 398 |
357 | Dhamma-Yan-Gyi, proportional elevation & half plan | 399 |
358 | Gawdaw-Palin, Pagan | 400 |
359 | Gawdaw-Palin, Proportional elevation & half plan | 401 |
360 | Myinkaba kubyauk-Nge, Pagan | 402 |
361 | Bogyoke- Mi Kubyauk, pagan | 403 |
362 | Dhamma- Yazika, pagan | 404 |
363 | Dhamma-Yazika, Proportional elevation &half plan | 405 |
364 | Gandhakuti, Dhamma-Yazika, plan & Ensemble . | 406 |
365 | Somin -Gyi Ok- Kyaung (Monastery), Pagan | 407 |
366 | Mingala- zeidi, Pagan | 408 |
367 | Mingala-zeidi, Proposed proportional elevation | 409 |
368 | Pentagonal Temple (Panca- Buddhas) Pagan | 410 |
369 | Paya- Thon-Zu, Pagan | 411 |
Monuments of Thailand | 413 | |
370 | Chedi Wat Kukut, Lamphun | 414 |
371 | Chedi Wat Chang Lom, Si Satchanalai | 415 |
372 | Wat Phra Chao Phanan Choeng, Ayutthaya | 416 |
373 | Wat Mahathat, Sukhothai | 417 |
374 | Chedi Wat Mahathat, Chedi ensemble | 418 |
375 | Wat Phara Si Rattana Mahathat, Ayutthaya | 419 |
376 | Wat Phra Ram (Central Shrine),Ayutthaya | 420 |
377 | Prang, Wat Phra Ram, proportional elevation | 421 |
378 | Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Ratburana), Ayutthaya | 422 |
379 | Chedi Chet Yot (Central Shrine), Chiang Mai | 423 |
380 | Wat Chedi Chet Yot, roof plan | 424 |
381 | Chedi Chet Yot, Proportional elevation | 425 |
382 | Wat Pra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya | 426 |
383 | Wat Pra Si Sanphet, Central Shrines | 427 |
384 | Chedi Wat Phu Khao Thong, Ayutthaya | 428 |
385 | Wat Chai Watthanaram, Ayutthaya Central Shrine | 429 |
386 | Wat Phru Chetuphon Wimonmangkhalaram, Bangkok | 430 |
387 | Wat Phru Chetuphon Wimonmangkhalaram, ubosot ensemble | 431 |
388 | Lohaprasad,Wat Ratchanatdaram, Bangkok | 432 |
389 | Lohaprasad,Wat Ratchanatdaram, plan of third through fifth storey | 433 |
390 | Lahaprasad, Wat Ratchanatdaram, proportional elevation and half plan | 434 |
391 | Wat Arun Rajtharam, Thonburi | 435 |
392 | Prang, Wat Arun Rajtharam, proportional elevation from 4th level | 436 |
Monuments of Vietnam | 437 | |
393 | Pho-hai Shrine, Phan-thiet | 438 |
394 | Khuong my South Shrine, n. Hoi-an | 439 |
395 | Dong-duong Monastery, Dong Duong | 440 |
396 | Dong-duong Monastery, Western Sanctuary | 441 |
397 | Temple A-1, Mi Son Vietnam, Proportional elevation | 442 |
398 | Po Nagar, Nha Trang, Vietnam, proportional elevation | 443 |
Monuments of Malaysia | 445 | |
399 | Masjid Tranquerah, Malacca | 446 |
400 | Masjid Terenhkera, Malacca, proportional elevation | 447 |
401 | Masjid Kampung Laut, Kampung Laut, Kelantan | 448 |
402 | Masjid Kampung Laut, Kampung Laut ,Kelantan, proportional elevation | 449 |
403 | Masjid Kampung Kling, Malacca | 450 |
404 | Masjid Kampung Hulu, Malacca | 451 |
405 | Masjid Kampung Hulu, Malacca, proportional elevation | 452 |
Bibliography | 453 | |
Appendix A: Glossary | 461 | |
406 | Axiality | 462 |
407 | Cross-Axiality | 463 |
408 | Mirror Cross-Axiality | 464 |
409 | Rotating Axiality | 465 |
410 | Multiple Non-Perpendicular Axiality | 466 |
411 | Multiple Non- Perpendicular Axiality | 467 |
Terms | 468 | |
Appendix B: Comparative examples | 481 | |
412 | Hindu Temple Types & Palace Ideal | 482 |
413 | Siva Temple, Kanviyur & Subrahmanya Temple, Manjeri | 483 |
414 | Laksmana Temple & Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho | 484 |
415 | Kandariya Mahadeo, Khajuraho proportional elevation | 485 |
416 | Tomb of Mubarak sayyid Section | 486 |
417 | Tomb of Sher Shah & Tomb of Adham Khan | 487 |
418 | Tomb of Humayun Elevation with podium | 488 |
419 | Chandragiri Palace (Raja Mahal) proportional elevation and 1st storey plan | 489 |
420 | Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, Diagonal elevation & half plan | 490 |
421 | Ibrahim Rauza, Mausoleum Section | 491 |
422 | Ibrahim Rauza & Tomb of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah Comparison based on block & dome | 492 |
423 | Tomb of Khan Khanan Elevation with Podium | 493 |
424 | Gol Gumbaz Section | 494 |
425 | Taj Mahal Elevation with Podium | 495 |
426 | Taj Mahal Section | 496 |
427 | Proportional Comparison, Elevations Dome and drum to ground of Gur-Emir, Ibrahim Rauza, Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah & Taj Mahal | 497 |
428 | Proportional Comparison, Elevations Width to height of : Chotte Khan Khanan & Taj Mahal | 498 |
429 | Comparison, Half elevation of the Tomb of Humayun & the Taj Mahal | 499 |
430 | Tomb Of Shah Navaz Khan Elevations & half plans from the South and diagonal | 500 |
431 | Tomb of Safdar Jang Elevation with podium | 501 |
432 | Angkor | 502 |
433 | Mahabodhi, Pasan & Chedi Chet Yot, Chiang Mai, indicating comparative scale | 503 |
434 | Chendebjiu Stupa, Bhutan & Chedi Si Suriyothai, Ayutthaya | 504 |
Appendix C: Indian Empires | 505 | |
Addendum | 513 | |
435 | Devi Jagadamba Temple, Khajuraho | 514 |
436 | Devi Basappa Temple, Dambal | 515 |
437 | Masjid-I Jami, Ajmer | 516 |
Acknowledgement | 517 |