From the Jacket
Dhanurveda, the standard work on Vedic military science being lost, the dissertations on the science found in the Mahabharata, the Agni Purana, Akasa Bhairava Tantra, Kautalya Arthasastra, Manusmrti, and other small works on Dhanurveda like Ausanas Dhanurveda, Vasistha Dhanurveda, Sadasiva Dhanurveda and Niti Prakasika are the only source of information on the subject left to us.
The present work takes into account all the data available with the present author in fragment form or manuscript form or the published form of various treatises of Dhanurveda, so that a factual and actual picture of military science or the science of warfare in ancient India may be drawn for the modern day readers and researchers.
The present work also contains the English Translation of the Vasistha and Sadasiva Dhanurvedas as appendix 1 & 2 with illustrations wherever necessary.
Dr. Ravi Prakash Arya is World renowned Vedic Scholar, Philologist, historian and philosopher. He is a prolific speaker and writer. he is a prolific speaker and writer. he is widely traveled scholar who has delivered more than 150 popular and academic talks on various topics of Vedas, Indian History, Linguistics, Philosophy, Culture and Scientific Indian heritage in various countries of the world. he has delivered more than a dozen Radio and TV Talks in Bharata, Canada, USA, Trinidad, Surinam and British Guyana. He has participated in more than 50 National and International Conferences and Seminars in India and Abroad. He is doing a pioneering work for preserving and propagating the universal and scientific Vedic heritage of India under the auspices of ‘Indian Foundation for Vedic science’. He has so far produced around 60 research papers and 28 books running into 38 volumes on the various aspects of Vedas, Indian History and Culture. He is also editing for the last ten years a quarterly Research Journal ‘Vedic Science’ dealing with the scientific interpretation of Vedas & Allied literature and ancient Indian traditions. This Journal has a wide circulation and acclaimed as an authoritative document on Vedic Sciences. He is also the editor of annual ‘World Vedic Calendar’ circulated through more than 10 countries of the world.
Dedication
The present work by Dr. Ravi Prakash Arya is dedicated to the sweet memories of our Dad Dr. Shikharchand H Jhaveri. He was born into a noble Aristocratic Jain Family from Vadodara Gujrat, India. His father had died very early age and his mom left home to become a Jain Monk. With extreme hardships, he became one of the first Jain Medical Doctor of Vadodara. He never forgot his hardships. He served his patients with utmost passion, dedication and competence. He financially supported blood donation camps for needy and poor patients throughout his life and helped thousands of patients. He used to give away free of cost an Ayurvedic born ointment named ‘Ral’ which was a great pain reliever and healer. He never revealed the secret formula to anyone for the fear of commercialization. He generously supported eye-camps and helped many with proper eyesight. His wife (my Mom) always supported all his works whole heatedly. He was a simple man of a great wisdom. He donated his house in city to Jain monks. He gave best education to his children. They are all medical doctors now. His philanthropic activities were too numerous to be mentioned here. After a short but fatal illness, his soul departed in 1994 to merge with the Almighty Parmatma
We (his family members : Ms. Ramaben (wife), Dr. Harish Jhaveri, radiologist, Dr. Mrs. Shaila Atul, gynaecologist, Dr. Mrs. Dipika Doctor, Dr. Dilip (myself) urologist, Sejal Doctor, Suzanne Doctor) will always remember his legacy and continue to help one and all to the best of our capacity.
Introduction | 1 |
Defence Planning | 6 |
General National Service | 7 |
War Tactics | 8 |
War when to be fought | 9 |
Constitution of Defence Forces | 11 |
Armed force | 11 |
Air Force | 12 |
Naval Force | 13 |
Selection of Defence Personnel | 15 |
Qualifications of a Commander | 15 |
Qualifications of a Warrior | 16 |
Special Honour for Brave Warriors | 17 |
Military Training | 20 |
Periods Suitable for Military Training | 20 |
Classification of Preceptors | 20 |
Method of Imparting Training | 21 |
Military Arrays | 22 |
Syenavyuha | 28 |
Krauncavyuha | 28 |
Sakatavyuha | 28 |
Sinhavyuha | 29 |
Cakravyuha | 29 |
Padmavyuha | 31 |
Sarpavyuha | 32 |
Agnivyuha | 33 |
Divisions of Fighting | 36 |
Equipment for the Army | 37 |
Classification of Weapons | 39 |
Mantra Operated Weapons | 41 |
Pasupatastra | 42 |
Brahmastra | 42 |
Agneyastra | 43 |
Varunastra | 43 |
Vayavastra | 43 |
Parjnyastra | 43 |
Antardhanastra | 43 |
Nagastra | 43 |
Mahendrastra | 43 |
Aksisammarjanastra | 43 |
Ayojala | 44 |
Atharvanastra | 44 |
Asurastra | 44 |
Isikastra | 44 |
Gandharvastra | 44 |
Narayanastra | 44 |
Pramohanastra | 44 |
Parjanyastra | 44 |
Other Divyastras | 44 |
Combat Weapons (Nagastra, Bhargavastra, Atharvanastra, Isikastra, Agneyastra) | 45 |
Mantrika Technology | 45 |
Missiles | 45 |
Divine wars | 48 |
Yantra (Machine) operated Weapons | 49 |
Sataghni | 49 |
Arrows | 53 |
Bows | 57 |
Firearms | 60 |
Bullets | 61 |
Cannons | 62 |
Rockets | 62 |
Machine Throwing Liquids | 63 |
Gunpowder | 64 |
Manually Operated Weapons | 67 |
Daggers | 67 |
Swords | 68 |
Explosives | 68 |
Difference between Training and Service Weapons | 70 |
Appendix-1 | |
Text of Sadasiva Dhanurveda | 71 |
Selection for Military Training | 71 |
Types of Fighting | 73 |
Classification of Perceptors | 73 |
Shooting Techniques | 75 |
The Types and Size of a Bow | 76 |
Prohibited Bows | 78 |
The Characteristics of a Bow-string | 81 |
Arrowheads Type | 83 |
Functions of Arrow-heads | 84 |
The Feathers of Arrows | 85 |
Types of Arrows | 86 |
The Methods of Tempering of Arrow-heads | 87 |
Types of Rounds | 89 |
Shooter’s Standing Positions, Grips and modes of Shooting | 90 |
Grips or Positions of Release | 96 |
Methods of drawing the Bow | 98 |
Drawing of Bow-string | 100 |
Types of Targets | 104 |
Aiming or Shooting of Rounds | 107 |
Intermissions in Shooting | 108 |
Shooting Practice | 109 |
Breath Control in Shooting | 110 |
Perfect Shooting | 112 |
Fast Shooting | 113 |
Rules for various shooting Ranges | 113 |
Movement of Arrows | 114 |
Missed Targets | 115 |
The Successful Targets | 116 |
Characteristic of a Best Warrior | 117 |
Four Tough Targets | 118 |
Technical Fight | 119 |
Classification of Shooters | 120 |
Hitting the moving Targets | 121 |
Shooting at Sound | 121 |
Military Exercise | 123 |
Medication | 124 |
Count of Aksauhini Army | 127 |
Battle Formations | 130 |
War Ethics | 133 |
Symptoms of Victory | 133 |
Appendix-2 | |
Text of Vasistha’s Dhanurveda | 136 |
Rights of Teaching and Learning Dhanur | 137 |
Selection for Military Training | 138 |
Types of Fighting | 139 |
Classification of Perceptors | 139 |
Shooting Techniques | 141 |
Type and Size of a Bow | 142 |
Prohibited Bows | 144 |
The Material for Bow-making | 146 |
The Characteristics of a Bow-string | 147 |
Qualities of an Arrow | 148 |
The Feathers of Arrows | 149 |
Types of Arrows | 150 |
Arrow-heads types | 151 |
Functions of various Arrow-heads | 153 |
The Methods of Tempering Arrowheads | 154 |
Types of Rounds | 155 |
Shooter’s standing positions | 157 |
Grips or Positions of Release | 162 |
Methods of Drawing the Bow | 164 |
Drawing of Bowstring | 166 |
Types of Targets | 170 |
Target Practice | 172 |
Aiming or Shooting of Rounds | 173 |
Intermissions in Shooting | 175 |
Shooting Practice | 176 |
Breath Control in Shooting | 177 |
Perfect Shooting | 179 |
Fast Shooting | 180 |
Rules for Various Shooting Ranges | 180 |
Movement of Arrows | 181 |
Missed Targets | 182 |
Successful Targets | 183 |
Four Tough Targets | 184 |
Technical Fight | 186 |
Classification of Shooter | 187 |
Hitting the Moving Targets | 188 |
Method of Shooting | 188 |
Shooting at Sound | 189 |
Military Exercise | 190 |
Missiles | 192 |
Mantrika Operation of Missiles | 193 |
Pasupatastra | 195 |
Medication | 197 |
Battle Formations | 200 |
War Ethics | 201 |
Symptoms of Victory | 202 |
Military Arrays | 203 |
Staff Array | 204 |
Car Array | 204 |
Ant Array | 205 |
Commandments to the Army | 205 |
Infantry | 206 |
Training of Horses | 209 |
Training of Elephants | 209 |
Chariots | 209 |
Selection of Commander in Chief | 210 |
Training and Education | 210 |
The Ethics of the War | 211 |
Select Bibliography | 212 |
From the Jacket
Dhanurveda, the standard work on Vedic military science being lost, the dissertations on the science found in the Mahabharata, the Agni Purana, Akasa Bhairava Tantra, Kautalya Arthasastra, Manusmrti, and other small works on Dhanurveda like Ausanas Dhanurveda, Vasistha Dhanurveda, Sadasiva Dhanurveda and Niti Prakasika are the only source of information on the subject left to us.
The present work takes into account all the data available with the present author in fragment form or manuscript form or the published form of various treatises of Dhanurveda, so that a factual and actual picture of military science or the science of warfare in ancient India may be drawn for the modern day readers and researchers.
The present work also contains the English Translation of the Vasistha and Sadasiva Dhanurvedas as appendix 1 & 2 with illustrations wherever necessary.
Dr. Ravi Prakash Arya is World renowned Vedic Scholar, Philologist, historian and philosopher. He is a prolific speaker and writer. he is a prolific speaker and writer. he is widely traveled scholar who has delivered more than 150 popular and academic talks on various topics of Vedas, Indian History, Linguistics, Philosophy, Culture and Scientific Indian heritage in various countries of the world. he has delivered more than a dozen Radio and TV Talks in Bharata, Canada, USA, Trinidad, Surinam and British Guyana. He has participated in more than 50 National and International Conferences and Seminars in India and Abroad. He is doing a pioneering work for preserving and propagating the universal and scientific Vedic heritage of India under the auspices of ‘Indian Foundation for Vedic science’. He has so far produced around 60 research papers and 28 books running into 38 volumes on the various aspects of Vedas, Indian History and Culture. He is also editing for the last ten years a quarterly Research Journal ‘Vedic Science’ dealing with the scientific interpretation of Vedas & Allied literature and ancient Indian traditions. This Journal has a wide circulation and acclaimed as an authoritative document on Vedic Sciences. He is also the editor of annual ‘World Vedic Calendar’ circulated through more than 10 countries of the world.
Dedication
The present work by Dr. Ravi Prakash Arya is dedicated to the sweet memories of our Dad Dr. Shikharchand H Jhaveri. He was born into a noble Aristocratic Jain Family from Vadodara Gujrat, India. His father had died very early age and his mom left home to become a Jain Monk. With extreme hardships, he became one of the first Jain Medical Doctor of Vadodara. He never forgot his hardships. He served his patients with utmost passion, dedication and competence. He financially supported blood donation camps for needy and poor patients throughout his life and helped thousands of patients. He used to give away free of cost an Ayurvedic born ointment named ‘Ral’ which was a great pain reliever and healer. He never revealed the secret formula to anyone for the fear of commercialization. He generously supported eye-camps and helped many with proper eyesight. His wife (my Mom) always supported all his works whole heatedly. He was a simple man of a great wisdom. He donated his house in city to Jain monks. He gave best education to his children. They are all medical doctors now. His philanthropic activities were too numerous to be mentioned here. After a short but fatal illness, his soul departed in 1994 to merge with the Almighty Parmatma
We (his family members : Ms. Ramaben (wife), Dr. Harish Jhaveri, radiologist, Dr. Mrs. Shaila Atul, gynaecologist, Dr. Mrs. Dipika Doctor, Dr. Dilip (myself) urologist, Sejal Doctor, Suzanne Doctor) will always remember his legacy and continue to help one and all to the best of our capacity.
Introduction | 1 |
Defence Planning | 6 |
General National Service | 7 |
War Tactics | 8 |
War when to be fought | 9 |
Constitution of Defence Forces | 11 |
Armed force | 11 |
Air Force | 12 |
Naval Force | 13 |
Selection of Defence Personnel | 15 |
Qualifications of a Commander | 15 |
Qualifications of a Warrior | 16 |
Special Honour for Brave Warriors | 17 |
Military Training | 20 |
Periods Suitable for Military Training | 20 |
Classification of Preceptors | 20 |
Method of Imparting Training | 21 |
Military Arrays | 22 |
Syenavyuha | 28 |
Krauncavyuha | 28 |
Sakatavyuha | 28 |
Sinhavyuha | 29 |
Cakravyuha | 29 |
Padmavyuha | 31 |
Sarpavyuha | 32 |
Agnivyuha | 33 |
Divisions of Fighting | 36 |
Equipment for the Army | 37 |
Classification of Weapons | 39 |
Mantra Operated Weapons | 41 |
Pasupatastra | 42 |
Brahmastra | 42 |
Agneyastra | 43 |
Varunastra | 43 |
Vayavastra | 43 |
Parjnyastra | 43 |
Antardhanastra | 43 |
Nagastra | 43 |
Mahendrastra | 43 |
Aksisammarjanastra | 43 |
Ayojala | 44 |
Atharvanastra | 44 |
Asurastra | 44 |
Isikastra | 44 |
Gandharvastra | 44 |
Narayanastra | 44 |
Pramohanastra | 44 |
Parjanyastra | 44 |
Other Divyastras | 44 |
Combat Weapons (Nagastra, Bhargavastra, Atharvanastra, Isikastra, Agneyastra) | 45 |
Mantrika Technology | 45 |
Missiles | 45 |
Divine wars | 48 |
Yantra (Machine) operated Weapons | 49 |
Sataghni | 49 |
Arrows | 53 |
Bows | 57 |
Firearms | 60 |
Bullets | 61 |
Cannons | 62 |
Rockets | 62 |
Machine Throwing Liquids | 63 |
Gunpowder | 64 |
Manually Operated Weapons | 67 |
Daggers | 67 |
Swords | 68 |
Explosives | 68 |
Difference between Training and Service Weapons | 70 |
Appendix-1 | |
Text of Sadasiva Dhanurveda | 71 |
Selection for Military Training | 71 |
Types of Fighting | 73 |
Classification of Perceptors | 73 |
Shooting Techniques | 75 |
The Types and Size of a Bow | 76 |
Prohibited Bows | 78 |
The Characteristics of a Bow-string | 81 |
Arrowheads Type | 83 |
Functions of Arrow-heads | 84 |
The Feathers of Arrows | 85 |
Types of Arrows | 86 |
The Methods of Tempering of Arrow-heads | 87 |
Types of Rounds | 89 |
Shooter’s Standing Positions, Grips and modes of Shooting | 90 |
Grips or Positions of Release | 96 |
Methods of drawing the Bow | 98 |
Drawing of Bow-string | 100 |
Types of Targets | 104 |
Aiming or Shooting of Rounds | 107 |
Intermissions in Shooting | 108 |
Shooting Practice | 109 |
Breath Control in Shooting | 110 |
Perfect Shooting | 112 |
Fast Shooting | 113 |
Rules for various shooting Ranges | 113 |
Movement of Arrows | 114 |
Missed Targets | 115 |
The Successful Targets | 116 |
Characteristic of a Best Warrior | 117 |
Four Tough Targets | 118 |
Technical Fight | 119 |
Classification of Shooters | 120 |
Hitting the moving Targets | 121 |
Shooting at Sound | 121 |
Military Exercise | 123 |
Medication | 124 |
Count of Aksauhini Army | 127 |
Battle Formations | 130 |
War Ethics | 133 |
Symptoms of Victory | 133 |
Appendix-2 | |
Text of Vasistha’s Dhanurveda | 136 |
Rights of Teaching and Learning Dhanur | 137 |
Selection for Military Training | 138 |
Types of Fighting | 139 |
Classification of Perceptors | 139 |
Shooting Techniques | 141 |
Type and Size of a Bow | 142 |
Prohibited Bows | 144 |
The Material for Bow-making | 146 |
The Characteristics of a Bow-string | 147 |
Qualities of an Arrow | 148 |
The Feathers of Arrows | 149 |
Types of Arrows | 150 |
Arrow-heads types | 151 |
Functions of various Arrow-heads | 153 |
The Methods of Tempering Arrowheads | 154 |
Types of Rounds | 155 |
Shooter’s standing positions | 157 |
Grips or Positions of Release | 162 |
Methods of Drawing the Bow | 164 |
Drawing of Bowstring | 166 |
Types of Targets | 170 |
Target Practice | 172 |
Aiming or Shooting of Rounds | 173 |
Intermissions in Shooting | 175 |
Shooting Practice | 176 |
Breath Control in Shooting | 177 |
Perfect Shooting | 179 |
Fast Shooting | 180 |
Rules for Various Shooting Ranges | 180 |
Movement of Arrows | 181 |
Missed Targets | 182 |
Successful Targets | 183 |
Four Tough Targets | 184 |
Technical Fight | 186 |
Classification of Shooter | 187 |
Hitting the Moving Targets | 188 |
Method of Shooting | 188 |
Shooting at Sound | 189 |
Military Exercise | 190 |
Missiles | 192 |
Mantrika Operation of Missiles | 193 |
Pasupatastra | 195 |
Medication | 197 |
Battle Formations | 200 |
War Ethics | 201 |
Symptoms of Victory | 202 |
Military Arrays | 203 |
Staff Array | 204 |
Car Array | 204 |
Ant Array | 205 |
Commandments to the Army | 205 |
Infantry | 206 |
Training of Horses | 209 |
Training of Elephants | 209 |
Chariots | 209 |
Selection of Commander in Chief | 210 |
Training and Education | 210 |
The Ethics of the War | 211 |
Select Bibliography | 212 |